<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695</id><updated>2012-02-16T02:45:50.557-08:00</updated><category term='Yakuza'/><category term='Diary'/><category term='Ryuha'/><category term='Ninja'/><category term='Nihonto'/><category term='Mitologi Jepang'/><category term='Cerita Hantu'/><category term='Tameshigiri'/><category term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>Samurai Sword</title><subtitle type='html'>Welcome To Nihonto Blog</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>31</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-5900801472815805626</id><published>2010-05-21T23:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-21T23:58:38.012-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Yakuza'/><title type='text'>Sejarah Yakuza Part 2</title><content type='html'>Waktu pun berlalu, kaum Bakuto dan Tekiya menjadi satu identitas sebagai Yakuza. Kaum yang asalnya bertugas melindungi masyarakat – menjadi ditakuti masyarakat. Para pimpinan Jepang memanfaatkan hal ini untuk mengendalikan masyarakat dan menggerakkan nasionalisme. Yakuza ikut direkrut oleh pemerintah Jepang dalam aksi pendudukan di Manchuria dan China oleh Jepang tahun 1930-an. Para Yakuza dikirim ke daerah tersebut untuk merebut tanah, dan memperoleh hak monopoli sebagai imbalan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Peruntungan kaum Yakuza berubah setelah Jepang menyerang Pearl Harbor. Militer mengambil alih kendali dari tangan Yakuza. Para anggota Yakuza akhirnya harus memilih apakah bergabung dalam birokrasi pemerintah, jadi tentara atau masuk penjara. Boleh dikata pamor Yakuza tenggelam.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah Jepang menyerah, para anggota Yakuza kembali ke masyarakat. Muncul satu orang yang berhasil mempersatukan seluruh organisasi Yakuza. Orang itu adalah Yoshio Kodame, seorang ex-militer dengan pangkat terakhir Admiral Muda (yang dicapainya di usia 34 tahun). Yoshio Kodame berhasil mempersatukan dua fraksi besar Yakuza, yaitu Yamaguchi-gumi yang dipimpin Kazuo Taoka, dan Tosei-kai yang dipimpin Hisayuki Machii. Yakuza pun bertambah besar keanggotaannya terutama di periode 1958-1963 – saat organisasi Yakuza diperkirakan memiliki anggota 184.000 orang – atau lebih banyak daripada anggota tentara angkatan darat Jepang saat itu. Yoshio Kodame dinobatkan sebagai godfather-nya Yakuza.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/image12083.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/images/2821/1_Yakuza-gang-photo.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di masa kini, keanggotaan Yakuza diperkirakan telah menurun tajam – tetapi bukan berarti tidak berbahaya. Tulang punggung bisnis illegal mereka adalah pachinko, perdagangan ampethamine (termasuk ice dan ecstasy), prostitusi, pornografi, pemerasan, hingga penyelundupan senjata.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di era 1980-an, Yakuza mengembangkan sayap mereka hingga ke Amerika, dan ikut masuk dalam bisnis legal untuk mencuci uang mereka. Dalam operasinya, Yakuza membeli asset di Amerika – dan salah satu yang pernah mencuat ke permukaan adalah keterlibatan Prescott Bush Jr., saudara dari presiden George Bush dan paman dari Presiden George W. Bush Jr., dalam transaksi penjualan perusahaan Asset Management International Financing &amp;amp; Settlements di awal 1990-an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/image12084.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/images/2821/1_Yubitsume.JPG" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berdasarkan perkiraan kasar dari sumber majalah Far Eastern Economic Review edisi 17 Januari 2002 – Yakuza diperkirakan telah menanamkan uang hingga USD 50 Milyar dalam investasi saham dan perusahaan di Amerika. Bandingkan dengan cadangan devisa Indonesia yang USD 36 Milyar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di dalam negeri, Yakuza juga ditengarai turut berperan dalam anjloknya ekonomi Jepang selama 10 tahun terakhir. Sebagai akibat amblasnya bisnis properti dan macetnya kredit bank di Jepang pasca 1990 – banyak debitor yang menyewa anggota Yakuza agar agunan mereka tidak disita oleh bank. Selain itu, banyak perusahaan yang memperoleh pinjaman bank – pada dasarnya adalah sebuah kigyo shatei atau perusahaan boneka miliki Yakuza. Perusahaan milik Yakuza ini diperkirakan memperoleh kredit antara USD 300-400 Milyar, dan sebagian dari jumlah itu dialirkan ke induk organisasi Yakuza. Menghadapi hal seperti ini - bank Jepang jelas tidak bisa berkutik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/image12086.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/images/2821/1_Yakuza.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di sisi lain, anggota Yakuza juga kerap membeli asset properti dengan harga miring dari perusahaan yang butuh cash – untuk dijual kembali dengan harga tinggi – apapun itu mulai dari apartemen, perkantoran hingga rumah sakit. Bila sebuah bangunan telah dibeli oleh Yakuza – siapa sih yang berani jadi tetangga mereka? Alhasil harga properti langsung amblas, dan segera naik segera setelah Yakuza menjualnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selain beroperasi secara di level bawah, Yakuza juga menggurita di kalangan politisi Jepang. Beberapa praktek suap telah terbongkar termasuk dalam program tender proyek umum senilai trilyunan yen. Program rekapitalisasi perbankan Jepang yang berlarut-larut tidak kunjung selesai – diperparah oleh keterlibatan Yakuza yang sangat berkepentingan dalam bisnis properti dan kredit perbankan. Saat ini perbankan Jepang masih menanggung beban kredit macet sebesar kira-kira USD 1,2 Trilyun – dan membuat ekonomi tidak bertumbuh selama 10 tahun terakhir&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Source: Wikipedia&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-5900801472815805626?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/5900801472815805626/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2010/05/sejarah-yakuza-part-2.html#comment-form' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/5900801472815805626'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/5900801472815805626'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2010/05/sejarah-yakuza-part-2.html' title='Sejarah Yakuza Part 2'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-4294593604748543677</id><published>2010-05-21T23:55:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-21T23:57:32.194-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Yakuza'/><title type='text'>Sejarah Yakuza Part 1</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/image12075.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/images/2821/1_yakuza.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/image12073.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/images/2821/1_yakuza-01.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;a href="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/image12077.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/images/2821/1_Yakuza-02__525_x_377___262_x_188_.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sejarah panjang Yakuza dimulai kira-kira pada tahun 1612, saat Shogun Tokugawa berkuasa dan menyingkirkan shogun sebelumnya. Pergantian ini mengakibatkan kira-kira 500.000 orang samurai yang sebelumnya disebut hatomo-yakko (pelayan shogun) menjadi kehilangan tuan, atau disebut sebagai kaum ronin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seperti kata pepatah : �orang yang hanya punya martil cenderung melihat segala sesuatu bisa beres dengan dimartil..�, demikian juga dengan kaum ronin ini. Banyak dari mereka menjadi penjahat dan centeng. Mereka disebut sebagai kabuki-mono atau samurai nyentrik urakan yang ke mana-mana membawa pedang. Mereka berbicara satu sama lain dalam bahasa slang dan kode rahasia. Terdapat kesetiaan tingi di antara sesama ronin sehingga kelompok ini sulit dibasmi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apakah kaum ronin ini yang menjadi biang Yakuza�? Bukan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk melindungi kota dari para kabuki-mono, banyak kota-kota kecil di Jepang membentuk machi-yokko (satgas kampung). Satgas ini terdiri dari para pedagang, pegawai, dan orang biasa yang mau menyumbangkan tenaganya untuk menghadapi kaum kabuki-mono. Walaupun mereka kurang terlatih dan jumlahnya sedikit, tetapi ternyata para anggota machi-yokko ini sanggup menjaga daerah mereka dari serangan para kabuki mono. Di kalangan rakyat Jepang abad ke 17 � kaum machi-yokko ini dianggap seperti pahlawan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Masalah jadi rumit, karena setelah berhasil menggulung para ronin, para anggota machi-yokko ini malah meninggalkan profesi awal mereka � dan memilih jadi preman. Hal ini diperparah lagi dengan turut campurnya Shogun dalam memelihara para machi-yokko ini. Ada dua kelas profesi para machi-yokko, yaitu kaum Bakuto (penjudi) dan Tekiya (pedagang). Namanya saja kaum pedagang � tetapi pada kenyataannya, kaum Tekiya ini suka menipu dan memeras sesama pedagang. Walau begitu, kaum ini punya sistem kekerabatan yang kuat. Ada hubungan kuat antara Oyabun (Boss-bapak) dan Kobun (bawahan-anak), serta Senpai-Kohai (Senior-Junior) yang kemudian menjadi kental di organisasi Yakuza.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kaum Bakuto (penjudi), punya sejarah yang unik. Awalnya mereka disewa oleh Shogun untuk berjudi melawan para pegawai konstruksi dan irigasi. Untuk apa�? Agar gaji para pegawai konstruksi dan irigasi habis di meja judi � dan tenaga mereka bisa disewa dengan harga murah!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jenis judi yang biasa dilakukan adalah menggunakan kartu Hanafuda dengan sistem permainan mirip Black Jack. Tiga kartu dibagikan dan bila angka kartu dijumlahkan � maka angka terakhir menunjukkan siapa pemenang. Nah diantara sekian banyak �kartu sial�, kartu berjumlah 20 adalah yang paling sering disumpahi orang, karena berakhiran nol. Salah satu konfigurasi kartu ini adalah kartu dengan nilai 8-9-3 � yang dalam bahasa Jepang menjadi Ya-Ku-Za � yang kemudian menjadi nama asal Yakuza.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/image12072.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/imagehosting/images/2821/1_gang-01.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dari kaum Bakuto ini juga muncul tradisi menandai diri dengan tattoo sekujur badan (disebut irezumi) dan yubitsume (potong jari) sebagai bentuk penyesalan ataupun sebagai hukuman. Awalnya hukuman ini bersifat simbolik � karena ruas atas jari kelingking yang dipotong membuat si empunya tangan menjadi lebih sulit memegang pedang dengan mantap. Hal ini menjadi simbol ketaatan terhadap pimpinan.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-4294593604748543677?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/4294593604748543677/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2010/05/yakuza.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/4294593604748543677'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/4294593604748543677'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2010/05/yakuza.html' title='Sejarah Yakuza Part 1'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-1854138026402012376</id><published>2010-01-08T01:08:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-08T01:09:38.951-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Diary'/><title type='text'>Satu-satunya saksi Bom Hirosima-Nagasaki meninggal dunia</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/S0b2OaS2LhI/AAAAAAAAAYs/on49LgEdhHA/s1600-h/yamaguchi.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 250px; height: 173px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/S0b2OaS2LhI/AAAAAAAAAYs/on49LgEdhHA/s400/yamaguchi.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5424293528651312658" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TOKYO | DNA - Satu satunya orang yang secara resmi diakui selamat dari  bom atom dalam Perang Dunia Kedua di Jepang meninggal dunia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tsutomu Yamaguchi meninggal pada usia 93 tahun karena kanker lambung.Dia  sedang bekerja di Hiroshima saat kota tersebut diserang bom, kemudian  pulang ke Nagasaki.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seperti dilaporkan BBC Tsutomu Yamaguchi berada di pusat ledakan atau  ground zero ketika kedua bom nuklir itu dijatuhkan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada 6 Agustus 1945 ia sedang melakukan perjalanan bisnis ke Hiroshima  ketika pesawat B-29 milik Amerika menjatuhkan bom di kota itu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sekitar 140.000 orang meninggal, sebagian tewas seketika namun banyak  pula yang meninggal perlahan-lahan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yamaguchi mengalami luka bakar yang cukup parah dan keesokan harinya  pulang ke Nagasaki.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ia berada di Nagasaki ketika bom nuklir kedua dijatuhkan Amerika ke kota  tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dalam ledakan kedua di Jepang ini, 70.000 orang meninggal tetapi  lagi-lagi Yamaguchi selamat.&lt;br /&gt;Pengakuan resmi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hanya sedikit saja orang yang diketahui selamat dari kedua serangan bom  itu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tetapi Yamaguchi adalah satu-satunya yang diakui oleh pemerintah  Jepang.Namun baru tahun lalu pemerintah memberi status istimewa dalam  daftar orang yang selamat dari bom nuklir tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pemerintah beralasan uang kompensasi terhadap Yamaguchi tidak akan  banyak berubah dengan status itu.Tanpa status istimewapun Yamaguchi  dikenal di seluruh dunia dan sering menjadi pembicara yang mendukung  seruan perlucutan senjata nuklir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Walikota Nagasaki menyatakan rasa dukanya dengan meninggalnya Tsutomu  Yamaguchi dan mengatakan, dirinya kehilangan pembawa cerita yang  berharga.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-1854138026402012376?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/1854138026402012376/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2010/01/satu-satunya-saksi-bom-hirosima.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1854138026402012376'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1854138026402012376'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2010/01/satu-satunya-saksi-bom-hirosima.html' title='Satu-satunya saksi Bom Hirosima-Nagasaki meninggal dunia'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/S0b2OaS2LhI/AAAAAAAAAYs/on49LgEdhHA/s72-c/yamaguchi.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-3724478997837622603</id><published>2009-12-28T04:39:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-12-28T04:41:01.187-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ninja'/><title type='text'>Ninjutsu</title><content type='html'>Sejarah NINJA&lt;br /&gt;- Kata ninja terbentuk dari dua kata yaitu nin dan sha yang masing-masing artinya adalah tersembunyi dan orang.&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja disebut juga Shinobi (dalam bahasa Jepang: harafiah, "Seseorang yang bergerak secara rahasia").&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja, seperti samurai, mematuhi peraturan khas mereka sendiri, yang disebut ninpo.&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja merupakan mata-mata profesional pada zaman feudal jepang.&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja wanita disebut juga kunoichi yang biasanya bekerja dengan menggunakan kefemininan mereka.&lt;br /&gt;- Kemunculan ninja pada tahun 522 berhubungan erat dengan masuknya seni nonuse ke Jepang.&lt;br /&gt;- Seni nonuse inilah yang membuka jalan bagi lahirnya ninja (Seni nonuse atau yang biasa disebut seni bertindak diam-diam)&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja tetap aktif sampai jaman edo (1600-1868)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NINJUTSU MARTIAL ART&lt;br /&gt;- Ninjutsu yaitu seni pergerakan sunyi Jepang.&lt;br /&gt;- Menurut sebagian pengamat ninjutsu, keahlian seorang ninja bukanlah pembunuhan tetapi penyusupan.&lt;br /&gt;- Keahlian khusus seorang ninja adalah menyusup dengan atau tanpa suara.&lt;br /&gt;- Ninjutsu mengajarkan teknik spionase, sabotase, melumpuhkan lawan, dan menjatuhkan mental lawan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Spoiler for 17 tingkat ninjutsu:&lt;br /&gt;1. seishin teki kyoyo (pemurnian jiwa)&lt;br /&gt;2. tai jutsu (bertarung dengan tangan kosong)&lt;br /&gt;3. ninja ken (pedang ninja)&lt;br /&gt;4. bo jutsu (jurus tongkat dan bilah)&lt;br /&gt;5. shuriken jutsu (senjata lempar)&lt;br /&gt;6. yari jutsu (jurus tombak)&lt;br /&gt;7. naginata jutsu (jurus pedang bertongkat)&lt;br /&gt;8. kusari gama (jurus rantai dan bandul)&lt;br /&gt;9. henso jutsu (ilmu menyamar dan membaur)&lt;br /&gt;10.shinobi iri (ilmu mengintai dan menyusup)&lt;br /&gt;11.ba jutsu (ilmu bertempur di atas kuda)&lt;br /&gt;12.sui ren (ilmu tempur dalam air)&lt;br /&gt;13.bo ryaku (ilmu strategi)&lt;br /&gt;14.cho ho (ilmu spionase)&lt;br /&gt;15.inton jutsu (teknik meloloskan diri dan menghilang)&lt;br /&gt;16.ten mon (meteorologi)&lt;br /&gt;17.chi mon (geografi)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NINJA'S EQUIPMENT&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja memakai baju yang menutup tubuh mereka kecuali telapak tangan dan seputar mata.&lt;br /&gt;- Baju ninja ini disebut shinobi shozoko.&lt;br /&gt;- Shinobi shozoko memiliki 3 warna ; hitam, putih &amp;amp; hijau&lt;br /&gt;- Shinobi shozoko memiliki banyak kantong di dalam dan luarnya.&lt;br /&gt;- Kantong ini digunakan untuk menyimpan peralatan kecil dan senjata yang mereka butuhkan, seperti racun, shuriken, pisau, bom asap dan lain-lain.&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja juga membawa kotak P3K kecil tradisional, yang diisi dengan cairan dan minuman.&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja juga memakai tabi yang mirip sepatu boot.&lt;br /&gt;- Celah yang memisahkan jempol kaki dengan jari lainnya memudahkan ninja saat memanjat tali atau dinding.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-3724478997837622603?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/3724478997837622603/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/12/ninjutsu.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/3724478997837622603'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/3724478997837622603'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/12/ninjutsu.html' title='Ninjutsu'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-1417180823396046229</id><published>2009-10-04T18:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-04T18:45:18.836-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mitologi Jepang'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>Tengu</title><content type='html'>&lt;img src="http://tidakmenarik.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/konoha_tengu_by_sven_da_man.jpg?w=300&amp;amp;h=440" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Konoha Tengu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;"&gt;Di Jepang, ada legenda mengenai seekor makhluk angkasa yang misterius, yaitu makhluk yang dianggap sebagai iblis dan digambarkan memiliki tubuh separuh burung dan separuh manusia. Makhluk ini disebut dengan nama Tengu. Luar biasanya, satu mumi Tengu tersimpan dengan rapi di Perfektur Aomori.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;useum Hachinohe di Aomori, Jepang utara, adalah rumah bagi Mumi Tengu yang konon pada awalnya dimiliki oleh Nambu Nobuyori, pemimpin klan Nambu yang memerintah Hachinohe di pertengahan abad ke-18.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mumi itu memiliki kepala manusia, namun memiliki kaki dan sayap berbulu seperti burung. Tengu yang telah menjadi mumi ini dipercaya berasal dari kota Nobeoka (perfektur Miyazaki) di Jepang Selatan. Beberapa teori menyebut bahwa mumi ini sampai ke Jepang utara setelah diwariskan ke beberapa anggota keluarga Samurai yang memerintah Jepang, hingga akhirnya sampai ke Museum Hachinohe di Aomori.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mitologi Tengu bermula dari sekitar abad ke-6 Masehi sejalan dengan tibanya agama Budha ke Jepang dari Cina. Tengu dianggap sebagai goblin yang tinggal di hutan dan gunung. Mereka disebut memiliki kekuatan supranatural seperti dapat berubah bentuk menjadi manusia atau hewan, dapat berbicara kepada manusia tanpa membuka mulut dan mampu pindah dari satu tempat ke tempat lain dengan cepat menggunakan sayapnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kata Tengu sebenarnya berarti “Anjing langit”. Dalam mitologi Cina, makhluk ini juga memiliki tempat tersendiri dengan nama Tien Kou (Tiangou) yang artinya juga anjing langit. Nama ini sebenarnya tidak sesuai dengan deskripsi Tengu. Makhluk ini tidak memiliki rupa anjing, melainkan lebih mirip seekor burung.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Buku Nihon Shoki, catatan kuno yang dianggap paling pertama menyebut Tengu, yang ditulis pada tahun 720 Masehi, menyebutkan bahwa pada abad itu sebuah meteor melintasi langit Jepang dan meteor itu disebut oleh seorang rahib Budha sebagai Anjing Langit (Tengu). Namun bagaimana Tengu berevolusi dari sebuah meteor menjadi makhluk terbang tidak diketahui dengan pasti.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.pinktentacle.com/images/monster_mummy_4.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Tengu Mummy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;"&gt;Secara umum, Tengu memiliki dua bentuk fisik. Yang pertama disebut Karasu tengu yang memiliki kepala dan paruh seperti burung. Yang kedua adalah Konoha Tengu yang memiliki bentuk seperti manusia namun memiliki sayap dan hidung yang panjang (kadang disebut Yamabushi Tengu)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tengu berhidung panjang seperti dikenal orang zaman sekarang merupakan hasil penggambaran orang pada abad pertengahan. Dalam cerita Konjaku Monogatari-sh?, tengu digambarkan bisa berlari di udara, dan sebagai hantu berbentuk burung rajawali yang membuat orang kerasukan. Penggambaran tersebut diperkirakan mengambil model dari hantu Temma dalam konsep agama Buddha yang digambarkan berbadan manusia dan memiliki sepasang sayap.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Model awal tengu kemungkinan berubah pada paruh pertama zaman Muromachi. Dalam kumpulan cerita rakyat Otogiz?shi terdapat cerita Tengu no Dairi (Istana Tengu) yang tokoh utamanya bernama Kurama Tengu. Selain itu, Ushiwakamaru dikabarkan menerima pelajaran seni pedang dari Tengu di Kuil Kurama.Dalam Hikayat Heike, tengu digambarkan seperti “Manusia tapi tidak seperti manusia, burung tapi tidak seperti burung, anjing tapi tidak seperti anjing, tangan dan kakinya seperti tangan dan kaki manusia, wajahnya seperti anjing, memiliki sayap di kanan kiri, dan bisa terbang.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut Legenda, sewaktu masih bocah, perajurit legendaris Jepang bernama Minamoto no Yoshitsune yang hidup pada tahun 1159-1189 pernah berlatih ilmu pedang dengan raja Tengu Soujoubou dekat Kuramadera di gunung utara Kyoto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tidak ada keterangan dan informasi lebih lanjut mengenai mumi yang dipajang di museum Hachinohe. Apakah ini sungguh mumi setan, makhluk Cryptozoology atau sebuah karya seni palsu dari abad lampau. Beberapa peneliti percaya bahwa mumi itu adalah sebuah karya seni buatan manusia, tapi belum ada bukti pasti yang disediakan untuk mendukung teori tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-1417180823396046229?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/1417180823396046229/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/10/tengu.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1417180823396046229'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1417180823396046229'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/10/tengu.html' title='Tengu'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-2689071670451817612</id><published>2009-08-22T02:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-08-22T02:44:37.711-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Diary'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cerita Hantu'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>Tempat-Tempat paling seram di Jepang</title><content type='html'>Jujur postingan ini saya copy paste dari website kesukaan saya yaitu &lt;a href="http://kaskus.us"&gt;kaskus.us.&lt;/a&gt; Dan saya telah mengunjungi tempat-tempat yang ada di postingan ini secara pribadi demi membuktikan kebenaran informasi ini dan hasilnya saya mendapatkan kengerian yang sangat terasa...(Sumpah Saya Tidak Mau Lagi Ketempat-tempat Berikut Ini).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Orang Jepang percaya bahwa semua manusia memiliki Roh yang dalam bahasa Jepang disebut Reikon. Nah, ketika seseorang meninggal mendadak atau dengan cara yang tidak menyenangkan, maka reikon tadi berubah menjadi Yurei. Yurei yang biasanya diartikan sebagai "roh halus" ini menjadi jembatan bagi mereka ini untuk dapat bergerak kembali ke dunia fisik&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yurei cenderung berada di tempat di dekat mereka meninggal. Biasanya Yurei ini akan muncul sekitar jam 2 atau 3 subuh, yang dipercaya merupakan saat dimana jarak antara dunia roh dan dunia fisik sangat dekat dan selubung pemisah antara kedua dunia ini berada dalam kondisi sangat lemah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut teori diatas, tentunya tempat yang paling berhantu di Jepang, adalah tempat di mana pertempuran terjadi atau tempat-tempat dimana basis militer berada&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pangkalan Udara Angkatan Laut Atsugi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://upload.kapanlagi.com/images/20090820153400_atsugi_frontgate1_4a8d0a78f0da7.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lokasi Pangkalan Udara Angkatan Laut Atsugi ini berada di selatan Tokyo. Sejarah yang ada ternyata memiliki rahasia, antara lain bahwa sebenarnya pangkalan ini berawal dari pangkalan U-2 CIA. Salah satu hantu yang terus menerus berjalan tanpa tujuan di pangkalan ini adalah hantu seorang marinir muda yang tewas akibat kecelakaan kendaraan pada tahun 1960-an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hangar Atsugi&lt;br /&gt;Hangar ini berada di sisi terjauh dari pangkalan ini. Hangar yang ada sekarang dibangun diatas hangar lain yang digunakan oleh para pilot Kamikaze Kekaisaran Jepang. Di tempat ini, banyak pilot yang membunuh diri karena merasa malu atas menyerahnya Jepang pada PD II. Dikatakan bahwa di hangar ini, pintu sering terbuka-tutup dengan sendirinya dan terkadang ada mata merah melayang-layang tanpa adanya tubuh&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rumah Sakit Lapangan - Prefektur Kanagawa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rumah sakit yang berada di pangkalan militer Sagami Depot ini, merupakan tempat di mana banyak sekali berbagai kejadian aneh yang tidak dapat dijelaskan muncul. Bangunan ini jarang sekali, bahkan hampir tidak pernah digunakan. Tapi berbagai laporan menemukan bahwa terkadang jendela terbuka dan beberapa pintu terkunci dengan sendirinya. Bahkan banyak sekali laporan patroli yang mengatakan mendengar adanya seseorang atau sesuatu berjalan di dalam bangunan tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Barak Iwakuni, 1687, Kamar 301&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beberapa tahun lalu, seorang Marinir yang tinggal di dalam ruangan tersebut melakukan bunuh diri. Ia memecahkan cermin dan memotong nadinya dengan salah satu pecahan cermin tadi. Semenjak saat itu, berbagai laporan dari prajurit lain yang tinggal di kamar tersebut mengatakan bahwa terkadang ketika mereka melihat kedalam cermin yang ada di ruangan itu di malam hari, mereka bertatapan dengan arwah Marinir muda itu&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hiroshima dan Nagasaki&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebagai tempat meledaknya bom atom, tentunya tempat ini akan menjadi tempat para arwah yang penasaran karena bom atom di Perang Dunia II masih terus berkeliaran. Warga kota sering mendengar suara pada saat subuh, suara-suara yang berteriak meminta tolong dan menagis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Okinawa: Camp Hansen- Gerbang Nomor 3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah senja turun, setiap akhir pekan, akan ada seorang prajurit berkostum prajurit perang dunia II, dengan darah dimana-mana dan sebatang rokok akan meminta api kepada penjaga gerbang. Begitu penjaga gerbang menyalakan rokok prajurit muda ini, maka dia akan hilang entah kemana,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tokyo: Mansion Akasaka&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Banyak tamu yang menginap di tempat ini melihat sesosok hantu melayang di kaki ranjang, dan diikuti dengan kabut putih yang masuk ke dalam ruangan melalui ventilasi udara, dan kemudian diikuti juga dengan perubahan temperatur di dalam ruangan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beberapa tamu bahkan melaporkan merasakan ada seseorang mengelus kepalanya pada saat tertidur, dan seseorang mengaku diseret dari ranjang, ke ujung ruangan, dan kembali lagi ke ranjang. Laporan ini diikuti dengan bukti bekas luka gesek di punggungnya!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pangkalan Angkatan Laut Yokosuka: Lorong Gridley&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hantu yang berada di dalam lorong rendah satu arah yang melintasi bawah bukit ini dipercaya sebagai hantu seorang samurai yang berusaha membalaskan dendam atasannya ketika ia disergap dan tewas di lorong tersebut. Karena misinya gagal, ia tidak dapat meninggalkan tempat tersebut bahkan sampai kematiannya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berbagai laporan adanya seorang Samurai di dekat lorong ini membuat berbagai kecelakaan kendaraan bermotor dalam beberapa tahun terahir ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pinggiran Tokyo: Mansion Himuro&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://upload.kapanlagi.com/images/20090820153401_himuromansion_4a8d0a7908ef5.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rumah ini adalah rumah yang dijadikan sebagai dasar pembuatan game "Fatal Frame". Mansion Himuro adalah tempat pembantaian suatu keluarga secara kejam, dan kemudian jenazah mereka di korbankan secara ritual.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berbagai cerita seram muncul dari tempat ini. Termasuk terkadang penampakan anggota keluarga, atau tapak tangan berdarah dan cipratan darah yang muncul secara misterius di tembok. Terkadang muncul seorang gadis mungil berbalut kimono yang tampak di jendela. Misteri yang semakin menambah seram rumah ini adalah adanya jaringan lorong bawah tanah yang luas di bawah rumah ini&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yokohama: Ikego - Gerbang Tengah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gerbang tengah ini adalah tempat berdirinya kamp konsentrasi di era PD II. Di tempat ini, ribuan orang Korea dan china dipaksa bekerja dan kemudian dibunuh oleh prajurit Jepang. Tempat ini sekarang menjadi perumahan bagi staff Militer Amerika. Di tempat ini terdapat lima pembakaran sampah dan tiga gerbang yang memisahkan antara perumahan tersebut dengan perumahan komunitas Jepang. Di gerbang tengah, banyak sekali penjaga yang melaporkan mendengar suara bicara dan suara langkah, dan mereka merasakan seakan-akan di awasi oleh mata yang tidak tampak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Penampakan yang sering muncul adalah seorang prajurit Jepang di masa PD II dalam seragam coklat tanpa kaki melayang-layang antara gerbang tengah dan gerbang ketiga.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-2689071670451817612?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/2689071670451817612/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/08/tempat-tempat-paling-seram-di-jepang.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/2689071670451817612'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/2689071670451817612'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/08/tempat-tempat-paling-seram-di-jepang.html' title='Tempat-Tempat paling seram di Jepang'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-4126968158579835255</id><published>2009-06-29T09:12:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-29T09:13:47.038-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>Ini Tambahan Informasi Anggota Shinsengumi</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Itou Kashitarou (Penasehat Militer)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pria ini sepertinya kurang bisa berbaur dengan Kondou dan anggota lainnya karena cara pandang mereka yang berbeda. Itou mempunyai banyak pengikut di Shinsengumi, pengikutnya kebanyakan adalah tipe-tipe terpelajar dan bisa menjelaskan apa yang ia yakini (lebih cenderung ke Sonno-joi) kepada orang lain dan bahkan dapat membujuk mereka untuk mendukung jalan pikirannya. Pada akhirnya terjadi sesuatu, Itou dan para pengikutnya, termasuk Saitou, berkemas dan mengundurkan diri dari Shinsengumi. Ia termasuk orang yang dikenal di lingkungan Shinsengumi, karena itu 15 anggota Shinsengumi berkemas dan pergi bersamanya. Kematian Yamanami juga memiliki hubungan dengan masalah ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nagakura Shinpachi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Kapten Regu 2)Tidak banyak yang bisa diceritakan dari pria ini hanya pada saat Okita sakit, Nagakura kadang-kadang mengepalai baik Regu 1 maupun Regu 2. ia meninggalkan clannya untuk datang ke Kyoto.&lt;br /&gt;Setelah pemerintahan Ishin terbentuk, ia diperbolehkan untuk kembali ke clan nya, dan mengubah namanya menjadi Sugimura Yoshie. Di tahun ke-15 Meiji (1882), ia pergi ke Hokkaido dan menjadi instruktur kendo di sebuah lembaga pemasyarakatan disana, penjara yang sama tempat Anji dikirim (apakah mereka saling bertemu disana?) setelah beberapa tahun Nagakura mengundurkan diri, dan membangun kuburan untuk teman-temannya di Shinsengumi. Ia kemudian menulis sebuah buku mengenai hari-harinya di Shinsengumi, yang menjadi factor utama ketenarannya. Nagakura meninggal pada bulan Januari 1915, 4 tahun pemerintahan Taisho di usia 76 tahun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Takeda Kanryuusai&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Kapten Regu 5) Ia mempelajari strategi militer dan pengobatan. Seorang Homoseksual. Suatu sosok yang ama sekali tidak mengesankan, seorang penjilat dan selalu mengganggu orang-orang yang levelnya berada di bawahnya. Apa yang membuatnya sangat tercela adalah bahwa ia menghianati Shinsengumi untuk bergabung dengan Satsuma Ishin Shishis, hanya karena keuntungan yang akan dia peroleh. Akhirnya dibunuh oleh Saitou.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Harada Sanosuke&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Kapten Regu 10)&lt;br /&gt;Menurut sejarah, Harada Sanosuke sangat mirip dengan Sagara Sanosuke. Senang berkelahi, cepat marah dan sangat suka berduel. Senjata favoritnya adalah tombak. Sebelum ia bergabung dengan Kondou, Harada adalah pelayan dari beberapa orang bushis (samurai), dan status inilah yang menjadi titik lemahnya pada saat itu. Akan tetapi, ia benar-benar merawat para bushis yang menjadi majikannya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Yamanami Seisuke (Gochou)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dia cenderung mengarah ke Sonno-Joi pada saat itu, sehingga dikucilkan oleh Kondou dan Hijikata. Ia kemudian melarikan diri dari Shinsengumi (mungkin karena ia tidak sanggup untuk melakukan sesuatu yang dianggapnya kurang baik dan dikucilkan) di tahun 1864 (atau 65), yang membuatnya menjadi seorang penghianat, sebelum dapat kabur lebih jauh lagi ia berhasil ditangkap oleh Okita. Ia dihukum untuk melakukan seppuku, dan meninggal di usia 29 tahun. Okita menyimpan kesedihan yang mendalam karena Yamanami adalah anggota awal Shinsengumi. Okita dan anggota Shinsengumi lainnya telah mengenal Yamanami sejak mereka di Shieikan. Okita sangat putus asa karena ia mempunyai pilihan untuk membiarkan Yamanami melarikan diri, tetapi ia memutuskan untuk melakukan tugasnya ketika ada pilihan antara tugas dan keinginan pribadi. Kita telah mendapatkan gambaran bagaimana seorang Hijikata Toshizou bisa menjadi sangat tidak berbelas kasihan ketika menyangkut hukuman, dari hukuman yang dijatuhkannya.&lt;br /&gt;Hukuman keras yang dijatuhkan kepada Yamanami membangkitkan ketidakpuasan dari para anggota Shinsengumi yang lainnya, karena Yamanami dikenal sebagai orang yang sangat baik, jujur, dan banyak yang berpikir bahwa Hijikata bersikap terlalu keras. Inilah salah satu factor yang menyebabkan 15 anggota Shinsengumi memilih untuk pergi dan bergabung dengan Itou.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Serizawa Kamo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kapten pertama&lt;br /&gt;Seriza dikenal sebagai kapten pertama Shinsengumi, kelakuannya yang tidak menyenangkan. Ia dikenal karena kipas besi yang digunakannya dan sering mengunjungi rumah-rumah pelacuran, membunuh orang-orang tanpa alasan, mabuk-mabukan dan melakukan hal-hal yang tidak sopan, selama memegang kekuasaan sebagai Kapten Shinsengumi.&lt;br /&gt;Karena Serizawa lah maka lahir Serigala Mibu (Mibu-ro).&lt;br /&gt;Serizawa dan beberapa anggota korup lainnya akhirnya dibunuh oleh pasukan Shinsengumi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Todou Heisuke&lt;br /&gt;Kapten Regu 8&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Suzuki Mikisaburou&lt;br /&gt;Kapten Regu 9&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yamazaki Susumu&lt;br /&gt;Kepala regu pengawal/mata-mata&lt;br /&gt;Serizawa Kamo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Just Who the Hell was Serizawa Kamo?&lt;br /&gt;Serizawa Kamo tidaklah seterkenal anggota Shinsengumi lainnya, seperti Kondou Isami, Hijikata Toshizou, Okita Souji dan Saitou Hajime. Namun, ia memegang peranan penting di awal berdirinya Shinsengumi, sebagai seorang Kyokuchou(Chief), bersama dengan Kondo Isami dan Niimi Nishiki.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Biasanya, Serizawa berperan sebagai tokoh jahat dalam buku-buku Shinsengumi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Birth of A Strong But Selfish Man&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Serizawa Kamo lahir di tahun ke-13 Bunsei (1830), sebagai anak ketiga dari Serizawa Sadamoto, di desa Serizawa, Kota Namekata, di propinsi Hitachi (sekarang propinsi Ibaragi). Namanya ketika ia masih kecil adalah Tatsutoshi dan kemudian ia dipanggil Mitsumoto. Ia memiliki dua orang kakak laki-laki (Okimoto dan Shigemoto), dan seorang kakak perempuan (Take).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mengenai penampilannya, tidak ada satupun foto atau gambar yang ditinggalkan (sayang sekali). Yang tersisa hanyalah sebuah deskripsi seorang Serizawa oleh Yagi Tamesaburou: “Serizawa adalah seorang yang gagah. Kulitnya putih dan matanya agak sipit. Ia sungguh mengesankan ketika ia meletakkan kedua tangannya ke dalam lengan bajunya dan memimpin para anggota Shinsengumi”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ia mempelajari ilmu pedang (Kenjutsu) dari Togazaki Kumatarou, dengan aliran Shintou Munen, hingga status/level Menkyou Kaiden (ini adalah status/level tertinggi yang dapat diraih oleh seorang jago pedang, artinya adalah bahwa ia telah menguasai setiap aspek dari gaya ilmu pedang (termasuk ugi, tehnik tersembunyi dan ia dapat mengajarkannya kepada orang lain).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah menguasai ilmu berpedang, ia melayani Takeda Kouunsai, salah satu orang dari partai Kinnou dari Mito, dan ketika Takeda membentuk partai Tengu, serizawa bergabung, dan mengubah namanya menjadi Kimura Tsuguji (beberapa orang mengatakan Shitamura Tsuguji) dan menjadi kepala komandan dari 300 pasukan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ketika mereka berada di penginapan Itako, ia berdiskusi dengan para bawahannya. Marah, kemudian ia memenggal 3 orang bawahannya, dengan katananya. Setelah itu, ia pergi ke kuil Kashima, hanya untuk merobek taiko (drum) kuil tersebut dengan kipas besinya. Dengan mengatakan bahwa drum tersebut terlalu besar, peristiwa ini sangat cepat ditangani, dan serizawa ditangkap dan dibawa ke Edo (Tokyo), untuk di interogasi di Ryuunokuchi. Ia bersaksi bahwa aksinya di kuil, mengatakan bahwa ia kehilangan akal karena semangat yang ditujukannya kepada para dewa, tetapi ia tidak dapat bersaksi atas tiga pembunuhan yang dilakukannya, karenanya ia dijatuhi hukuman mati.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ketika berada dipenjara, Serizawa memutuskan untuk mempercepat kematiannya, ia menolak untuk makan. Ia menggigit jari kelingkingnya dan menulis sebuah Jisei no Ku (sebuah puisi yang ditulis oleh seseorang sebelum meninggal) dengan menggunakan darahnya, sebuah puisi yang sangat rumit:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yukishimo ni / Iroyoku hana no / Sakigakete Chiritemo nochi ni / Niyou ume ga ka&lt;br /&gt;Coming (in this world) ahead of the beautiful flowers in the snow and mist, And still giving off its scent after the scattering of the petals; such plum is the perfume.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kawakami Genzai, dari Higo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kawakami Genzai inilah yang menjadi model karakter dari Kenshin Himura, Kawakami memegang aliran Shiranui Ryuu (yang ditemukannya sendiri). Jurus pedangnya sangat unik: seperti Kenshin, kaki kanan diarahkan ke depan, lutut agak sedikit dilenturkan, sementara kaki kiri di tekuk dengan lutut menyentuh tanah/lantai.&lt;br /&gt;Menurut beberapa document, Kawakami tidak begitu tinggi, dengan rambut panjang, dan sering disangka sebagai wanita.&lt;br /&gt;Kawakami adalah pendukung gerakan Joi, Ia menjadi terkenal setelah membunuh Sakuma Souzan, seorang pemikir hebat dan guru dari Yoshida Shoin, yang kemudian menjadi guru Kido Koin (Katsura Kogorou) dan beberapa Chosu Shishi.&lt;br /&gt;Sakuma percaya bahwa untuk melindungi dirinya dari ancaman asing, Jepang perlu membuka diri bagi pengaruh asing dan mempelajari semua tehnologi yang ditawarkan oleh pihak asing, sehingga Jepang mempunyai kemampuan untuk menyerang balik melawan kolonialisme. Tak perlu dikatakan lagi, bahwa tindakannya membuat dirinya menjadi target sasaran organisasi radikal yang percaya bahwa Jepang jangan sampai terkontaminasi oleh pengaruh kotor bangsa asing. Kawakami ditangkap setelah pembunuhan itu, dan dijebloskan ke dalam penjara. Ia dibebaskan setelah Restorasi. Akan tetapi, pemerintahan Meiji yang baru, terdiri dari young political blood (pake inggris ajalah ), menyetujui pandangan Sakuma dan mempraktekan konsep dari Teknologi Asing, Berjiwa Jepang. Kawakami sangat menentang akan hal ini, Ia tidak mau melihat hasil usaha teman-temannya dari gerakan Joi yang telah meninggal, dan juga mereka yang telah meninggal karena Katana (pedang) nya, menjadi sia-sia. Pada kenyataannya, karena didasarkan oleh hal tersebutlah maka karakter Kenshin Himura dibuat. Pada akhirnya, Ia menjadi pengganggu bagi pemerintahan Meiji, maka pada tahun ke-4 Meji, 1871 ia dipenggal mati.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Okata Izou, dari Tosa&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Okata Izou adalah karakter model dari Udou Jine. Dengan aliran pedang Keishin Meichiryuu, Okata adalah teman masa kecil Sakamoto Ryoma, orang yang bertanggung jawab atas persekutuan Choshu dan Satsuma, dua rival abadi. Bekerja dibawah pimpinan Tosa Shishi, Takechi Hanpeita, Okata bertanggung jawab atas banyak pembantaian. Ia akhirnya ditangkap oleh anggota ofisial Tosa karena membunuh Daimyo Tosa, dan dipenggal mati.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nakamura Hanjirou, dari Satsuma&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karena Nakamura sama-sama dari klan Satsuma, maka aliran pedangnyapun Jigen Ryu. Nakamura Hanjirou adalah teman baik dari sekutu Saigo Takamori, dan Ia selalu ada disampingnya disaat berperang, termasuk pada saat perang Seinan. Di perang, setelah Saigo mengetahui bahwa ia telah kalah dan meminta teman seprjuagannya untuk memenggalnya, Nakamura melanjutkan menentang pasukan Meiji dengan hebat, hingga ia terbunuh karena tertembak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tanaka Shinpei, dari Satsuma&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dengan aliran pedang Jigen Ryu satu-satunya aliran pedang di Satsuma! Ini adalah tehnik berpedang yang digunakan oleh Ujiki ( polisi korup di RK #2). Dikatakan bahwa sabetan pertama adalah tebasan yang paling menentukan/terakhir, jadi harus melumpuhkan lawan terlebih dahulu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di tahun 1863, salah seorang petugas pengadilan kekaisaran, Anekouji Kintomo, terbunuh saat ia tengah kembali ke kediamannya di malam hari. Sebuah katana ditinggalkan ditempat kejadian, yang kemudian dikenali sebagai milik Tanaka. Ada keraguan dalam hal ini, bagaimanapun juga, Tanaka adalah seorang pembunuh ulung, dan tidak akan pernah terpikirkan olehnya untuk meninggalkan sebuah katana miliknya ditempat kejadian. Tanaka menyangkal bahwa ia telah membunuh Anekouji saat ditangkap, tetapi pada saat katana ditunjukkan kepadanya, sebuah ekspresi keterkejutan terlihat diwajahnya. Ia kemudian mengambil sebuah pedang yang berada didekatnya, dan sebelum semua orang bisa menghentikannya, ia telah melakukan seppuku!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Siapa yang telah membunuh Anekouji? Kenapa meninggalkan sebuah katana? Mengapa menjebak Tanaka? Apa maksud dari ekspresi keterkejutan Tanaka? Apa yang menyebabkan Tanaka untuk memilih seppuku? Sampai saat ini, pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut masih menjadi mistery dalam sejarah Jepang.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-4126968158579835255?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/4126968158579835255/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/ini-tambahan-informasi-anggota.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/4126968158579835255'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/4126968158579835255'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/ini-tambahan-informasi-anggota.html' title='Ini Tambahan Informasi Anggota Shinsengumi'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-6013904730978490690</id><published>2009-06-29T09:11:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-29T09:11:59.262-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>Hijikata Toshizo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/Hijikata.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hijikata adalah anak dari seorang petani ( ketika berumur 11 tahun), ia seperti Sanosuke, berkelahi dan bertengkar setiap hari. Kemudian kakak perempuannya menikah dengan pria yang cukup ternama, dan pada saat itu lah kakak iparnya menyarankan Hijikata untuk menjadi sales obat, menjual Ishida Sanyaku.Formula yang telah ada didalam keluarga Hijikata secara turun temurun. Pada saat itulah ia bertemu dengan Kondou muda.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Belakangan obat Ishida Sanyaku seringkali digunakan oleh Shinsengumi untuk mengobati luka-luka dan patah tulang sehabis bertarung.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hijikata ditakuti oleh setiap orang karena tidak mempunyai belaskasihan. Julukannya adalah Setan Shinsengumi. Ahli strategi dan taktik dari Shinsengumi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Salah satu peraturan Shinsengumi yang paling utama adalah bahwa semua penghianat, termasuk pembelot, hanya mempunyai satu jalan yaitu : SEPPUKU.&lt;br /&gt;Yamanami adalah salah satu pembelot. Setelah Yamanami mengakui semua perbuatannya, ia dipenggal mati oleh anggota lain Shinsengumi, seluruh proses pemenggalan diawasi oleh Hijikata.&lt;br /&gt;Perlu diketahui bahwa Hijikata mengenal Yamanami sejak mereka di Shieikan, Hijikata bersikap demikian karena ia menyadari bahwa ia adalah seorang pemimpin dan tidak boleh bersikap terlalu lunak, walaupun ia bersikap terlalu ekstrim. Dia memilih untuk berperan sebagai "seorang iblis di depan semua orang dan membunuh semua orang yang ia sayangi, dan menangis sedirian di dalam kegelapan".&lt;br /&gt;Sebagai seorang pemimpin, ia harus tegas dan menjadi contoh yang baik bagi para pengikutnya dengan mengesampingkan apa yang ia rasakan sebenarnya. Sesungguhnya ia sangat menderita dibalik sikap dinginnya tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah kekalahan Shinsengumi di perang Boshin dan kematian Kondou, Hijikata bergabung dengan Enomoto Takeaki (mantan anggota pasukan angkatan laut pemerintahan Bakufu), melarikan diri ke Hokkaido dan mulai mendirikan Hokkaido Republik untuk terus berjuang melawan pemerintahan Ishin.&lt;br /&gt;Akan tetapi, Hijikata tertembak sehingga meninggal dalam perang tahun 1869, 2 tahun pemerintahan Meiji, di usia 35 tahun.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-6013904730978490690?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/6013904730978490690/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/hijikata-toshizo.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/6013904730978490690'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/6013904730978490690'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/hijikata-toshizo.html' title='Hijikata Toshizo'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-6238923280716330453</id><published>2009-06-29T09:08:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-29T09:10:43.826-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>Kondou Isami</title><content type='html'>Ini nih sosok samurai yang sangat saya kagumi yaitu Kondou Isami berikut cerita singkat perjalanan hidupnya...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/KondouIsami2.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anak dari seorang petani kaya, nama aslinya adalah Miyakawa Katsuta. Pada umur 16 tahun Ia di adopsi oleh pemilik dojo Shiekan, Kondou Shuusai. Katana yang digunakan adalah Nagasone Kotetsu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut berbagai sumber, ia adalah orang yang tegas, loyal kepada kode etik seorang Samurai. Menikah, dan putrinya yang bernama Tamako lahir sebelum ia pergi ke Kyoto. Setelah menyatakan kekalahan Shinsengumi di perang Boshin, Kondou ditangkap oleh pasukan Ishin, yang telah menjadi pasukan pemerintahan yang sah, setelah Shogun Yoshinobu mengundurkan diri, situasi kemudian berbalik, kini Shinsengumi yang memegang kendali hukum.&lt;br /&gt;Kondou dipenggal mati pada tanggal 24 April 1868 di usia 35 tahun.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-6238923280716330453?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/6238923280716330453/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/kondou-isami.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/6238923280716330453'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/6238923280716330453'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/kondou-isami.html' title='Kondou Isami'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-1858883252339131539</id><published>2009-06-29T09:07:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-29T09:08:33.270-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>Saitou Hajime</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/real20saitou1.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;  &lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/RealSaitouHajime.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mengenai asal-usulnya sedikit tidak jelas.&lt;br /&gt;Sebuah teori mengatakan bahwa ia adalah anak dari seorang ronin. Lainnya mengatakan ia berasal dari Edo, anak salah seorang pejabat di pemerintahan Bakufu, dan ia datang ke Kyoto setelah tidak sengaja membunuh seseorang di Edo.&lt;br /&gt;Kemudian ada yang mengatakan bahwa ia adalah anak dari Shogun ke-12?! Dan lainnya lagi mengatakan bahwa ia adalah mata-mata dari klan Aizu pada awal Roshitai.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berbicara tentang pria misterius. Namanya, Hajime (memiliki arti "pertama" atau "mulai" seperti dalam tulisan kanji lainnya) karena ia dilahirkan pada hari pertama dibulan pertama, walaupun ada catatan lainnya mengenai hari lahirnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ia bergabung dengan Shinsengumi atas rekomendasi klan Aizu, dibawah nama Yamaguchi Jirou, saat ia menjadi salah satu asisten Hijikata.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keahlian berpedangnya yang sangat mematikan adalah "satu sabetan tangan kiri", jurus ini bahkan lebih mematikan dari pada jurus yang dimiliki Okita Soji "tiga sabetan/tusukan". Saitou, bersama dengan Okita dan Nagakura, dikenal sebagai tiga orang pemain pedang terkuat di Shinsengumi.&lt;br /&gt;Saitou membunuh banyak para anggota korup Shinsengumi. Seperti, Itou Kashitarou dan kawan-kawan, Takeda Kanryuusai dan lainnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saitou adalah orang yang kuat minum! Salah seorang pemilik website Shinsengumi menyatakan bahwa "Ia akan berubah menjadi orang yang sangat berbeda pada saat mabuk, (seperti memiliki hasrat ingin membunuh ketika sedang mabuk).&lt;br /&gt;Pada kenyataannya, ia meninggal karena stomach ulcer , dikarenakan terlalu banyak minum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Istri Saitou, Takagi Tokio, adalah anak dari pejabat penting Aizu, yang menjadi saksi pernikahan mereka tidak lain adalah Daimyo Aizu sendiri!&lt;br /&gt;Mereka (Saitou dan Takagi Tokio) menikah di tahun ke-6 Meiji (1873), dan anak pertama mereka, Tsutomu lahir di tahun ke-9 (1876).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah pemerintahan Ishin terbentuk, ia mengubah nama dan bekerja sebagai pelatih kendo di sebuah universitas. Di tahun 1877, 10 tahun pemerintahan Meiji, ia bergabung dikepolisian dengan ijin membawa pedang untuk bertempur di perang Seinan, perang dimana Saigo Takamori memberontak melawan pemerintahan Meiji di Satsuma. Dengan menggunakan nama Fujita Gorou.&lt;br /&gt;Setelah ia menjadi mata-mata ia bertanggung jawab langsung kepada Komisaris Polisi, Kawaji Toshiyoshi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saitou bekerja sebagai penjaga museum di Tokyo saat sudah berusia lanjut. Setelah pension, sepertinya ia lebih banyak menghabiskan waktunya untuk berfikir. Saitou meninggal dunia pada tanggal 27 September 1915, tahun ke-4 pemerintahan Taisho, diusia 72 tahun.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-1858883252339131539?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/1858883252339131539/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/saitou-hajime.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1858883252339131539'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1858883252339131539'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/saitou-hajime.html' title='Saitou Hajime'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-3439782106587271127</id><published>2009-06-29T09:07:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-29T09:07:34.539-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>Okita Soji</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/Okita_possibly.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Okita Soji adalah sosok anggota Shinsengumi yang paling dikenal dan popular. Sangat tampan, selain menjadi anak yang luar biasa kepandaiannya dalam ilmu berpedang, ia bergabung dengan dojo Kondou saat berusia 9 tahun, dan menjadi seorang pemain pedang ulung saat ia berusia 15 tahun lebih.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebuah tragedy menimpa Okita, ia dinyatakan terkena Tuberculosis (TBC), penyakit yang belum ada obatnya pada saat itu, tidak lama setelah formasi dari Shinsengumi.&lt;br /&gt;Ia mengalami batuk darah beberapa kali, walaupun ia tidak ingin semua anggota tahu mengenai penyakitnya. Pada saat peristiwa Ikeda-ya, keadaan menjadi sangat buruk (mungkin karena cuaca malam yang sangat dingin dan pertarungan yang sangat hebat), dan pingsan setelah mengeluarkan banyak darah ketika batuk.&lt;br /&gt;Pada saat itulah Kondou dan Hijikata mengetahui mengenai penyakit yang diderita oleh Okita, dan bahkan setelah itu dokter telah memperkirakan bahwa ia tidak akan hidup lebih lama lagi.&lt;br /&gt;Keduanya (Kondou dan Hijikata) sedih menghadapi ini, karena mereka sudah seperti saudara kandung bagi Okita ( Kondou lebih tua 10 tahun dan Hijikata lebih tua 9 tahun dari Okita). Akan tetapi, ketiganya setuju untuk menutupi hal ini dari para anggota yang lain, yang akan mengakibatkan menurunnya semangat aggota lainnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah perang Boshin, Okita pergi ke Rumah sakit khusus penyakit TBC di Edo. Ia meninggal pada tanggal 30 Mei 1868, tahun pertama Meiji, di usia 25 tahun&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-3439782106587271127?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/3439782106587271127/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/okita-soji.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/3439782106587271127'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/3439782106587271127'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/okita-soji.html' title='Okita Soji'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-1837921055425165593</id><published>2009-06-29T08:59:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-29T09:01:54.312-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>SHINSENGUMI</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/Shinsengumi_flag.png" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah kedatangan Commodore Perry, Jepang jatuh kedalam kehancuran dan ketakutan yang mencekam. Banyak samurai terutama dari golongan rndah mulai berdebat dan meragukan kekuasaan SHOGUN dalam mempertahankan dari kekuatan bangsa asing. apalagi setelah mereka melihat bangsa asing dipersenjatai dan diperkuat dengan blackships. slogan "Sonno-Joi" (Menghormati Kaisar dan Usir Bangsa Asing) telah banyak mendapatkan dukungan, banyak samurai berdatangan ke Kyoto untuk bergabung dengan gerakan revolusi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Roshi (Samurai tak bertuan atau disebut ronin ) banyak bermunculan di kyoto, menyebabkan banyak ganguan di ibukota. yang menyebabkan keresahan karena rasa ketidak puasan, banyak dari pada roshi belum tahu gerakan-gerakan mana yang harus mereka ikuti atau kepada siapa mereka harus mengabdi. yang mereka tahu mereka sudah tidak sabar untuk berjuang membela negara. Banyak dari mereka yang bersekolah untuk mempelajari - Sonno-joi, membuka negara dan belajar dari para gaijin(bule/orang asing) dan mempelajari juga teknologi mereka. di zaman Bakufu ini, adalah zaman dimana 100 orang memiliki 100 argumentasi yang berbeda dimana kamu tidak bisa berkata "siapa yang salah" . Bakufu memutusjan untuk merekrut roshi untuk berkhidmat kepadanya, daripada mereka membuat teror dan berkeliaran bebas tanpa tujian di ibukota. Roshi-tais (bands of wave samurais) mulai di bentuk roshis di kumpulkan dan dijadikan Ksatria Bakufu, mereka juga mengadakan "Ujian Masuk" dengan syarat paling tidak memiliki suatu keahlian pedang (semacam pertandingan kenjutsu, seperti ujian) kejadian ini terjadi tahun 1863 atau tahin ke 3 Bunkyuu, satu tahun setelah Koru(samurai X) lahir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di sekitar distrik Tama dekat Edo(tokyo), Terdapat sebuah dojo kenjutsu bernama Shieikan, yang mempelajari teknik pedang aliran Tennen Rishin. Kondou Isami adalah seorang guru di dojo tersebut, dan bersama murid-muridnya adalah Hijikata Toshizou, Okita Souji dan Inoue Genzaburou. mereka berempat sudah layaknya seperti kakak beradik atau bersaudara. Okita adalah sebagai yang termuda dan terkuat. ada juga dari mereka yang kadang-kadang datang ke dojo untuk mengambil jatah makan mereka (seperti Sano kadang-kadang ke Kamiya Dojo), selain itu adapula Yamanami Seisuke, Harada Sanosuke dan Nagakura Shinpachi. ketika Kondou dan Hijikata mendengar tentang pembentukan Roshit di Kyoto mereka datang ke Kyoto dengan beberapa anggota Tennen Rishin Ryuu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di Kyoto, mereka berada di bawah pengawasan Kiyokawa Hachirou, setelah lulus "Ujian Masuk". 13 roshi, termasuk Kondou dan kawan-kawan, dipertemukan dengan "Kyoto Defenders" oleh Matsudaira Katamori, Daimyo dari Aizu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;demikian Kiyokawa bertingkah di tengah publik sebagai pro-Bakufu, dia bersebelah pihak dengan bakufu. apa yang diinginkannya adalah mengumpulkan pasukan daripada roshis atas nama Bakufu, tapi melatih para roshis untuk menjadi Ishin Shishis(prajurit restorasi / gerakan orang yg mendukung kaisar sebagai kepala negara). ia merencanakan penyerangan gaijin yang berlabuh di Yokohama dengan para Shishis, merencanakan pembakaran gedung dan pembunuhan orang asing di jepang. Shogun mendapatkan berita ini, sedangkan mereka mengirim pembunuh untuk membunuh Kiyokawa pada tangal 13/4, tahun ke 3 Bunkyuu. sebelum seluruh rencana mereka dilakukan. Setelah itu, Kondou dan kawan-kawan. memaksa untuk membantu Shogun, dan mereka membentuk Shinsengumi, dengan 13 anggota. akhirnya kanji "Makoto" dipilih sebgai lambang bendera mereka. ada juga beberapa argumen yang menyatakan bahwa : Kondou memaksa "Makoto", sedankan Serizawa menginginkan "Ryu" (Naga).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berikut adalah susunan awal formasi SHINSENGUMI :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kapten: Serizawa Kamo(model dari Shishio), Kondou Isami, Niimi Nishigi&lt;br /&gt;Wakil Captains: Hijikata Toshizo (model dari Aoshi), Yamanami Keisuke&lt;br /&gt;ada juga beberapa anggota yang bergabung seperti : Soji Okita(model dari Sojiro Seta), Saitou Hajime.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/when-the-last-sword-is-drawn-3-1.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;PEGOLAKAN PERTAMA SHINSENGUMI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Serizawa Kamo sangat terkenal keahliannya memakai kipas besi sebagai senjata, mendapatkan semua yang ia mau dengan menggunakan kekuasaannya sebagai "Kapten Shinsengumi" untuk menutup semua kesalahannya. ini menyebabkan lahirnya nama, SERIGALA MIBU karena pasukan pertama dibangun di desa Mibu, dan para samurai dari serigala mibu ini dikenal dengan sebutan MIBU-ro. untuk terakhir kalinya Kondou dan Hijikata melihat Serizawa membawa prostitusi di sebuah penginapan para Shinsengumi, hal ini menyebabkan Kondou, Hijikata berfikir cepat bahwa ksatria seharusnya memiliki moral yang tinggi, sehingga di bentuklah kode etik samurai di shinsengumi. .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di lain pihak, Niimi tidaklah jauh berbeda dengan Serizawa. ketika pasukan sedang melakukan perjalanan ke Kyoto , api menghancurkan tempat dimana mereka menginap, dan Kondou menyalahkan mereka atas kecerobohan mereka . beberapa bulan kemudian, Hijikata dan beberapa orang tidak menutupi kenyataan : Niimi dan Serizawa mereka meminta uang daripada penduduk untuk membiayai kehidupan merekan yang selalu bermewah-mewahan, siapapun yang menolak untuk mematuhi keinginan mereaka akan menjadi korban kemarahan mereka yang menjijikan. Hijikata mengatur untuk mencari bukti untuk menghukum Niimi saja, dan memerintahkan Niimi untuk seppuku. setelah itu hubungan Serizawa dan Kondou makin memburuk. akhirnya pada tanggal 18/9/1863, Serizawa dan anggotanya yang ikut korupsi dan merusak nama baik Shinsengumi di bunuh dengan tim khusu yang beranggotakan : comprising of Inoue, Yamanami, Toudou, Harada and Okita.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah kepergian Serizawa, Kondou dan Hijikata ingin memperbaiki kualitas daripada anggota Shinsengumi, tidak hanya "Ujian Masuk" di buat sangat sulit, setiap anggota yang ditemukan bersalah melakukan sesuatu di luar "kode etik samurai" harus melakukan "SEPPUKU".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;TUGAS SHINSENGUMI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shinsengumi sebenarnya adalah pasukan polisi, patroli di jalan-jalan kyoto menjaga keamanan. melindungi Kyoto dengan pedang mereka dari serangan gerakan Shishis, Shishis bermunculan dan berusaha untuk menggulingkan SHOGUN. aksi-aksi radikal dari Shishis, seperti pembakaran gaijin's (dilakukan oleh Takasugi Shinsaku, Katsura Kogorou/Kido Koin. Takasugi orang yang membangun Kiheitai, dan dalam cerita rurouni Kenshin ialah orang yang pertama kali mengenalkan kenshin pada katsura.),&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cara bertarungnya adalah sekumpulan melawan satu atau beberapa, dan hal ini menguntungkan bagi shinsengumi karena mereka semakin berkembang. Anggota Shinsengumi yang menemukan orang yang dicurigai harus melenyapkan orang tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;Sebenarnya sasaran Shinsengumi adalah keamanan kota Kyoto untuk memastikan kyoto menjadi kota yang aman dan damai dan metode ini sangat penting bagi mereka.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;TRAGEDI IKEDAYA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(June 1864, Tahun Pertama Genji)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Akhirnya. ini adalah saat penting yang menentukan karir Shinsengumi. Berdasarkan Informasi yang akurat dari mata-mata Shinsengumi, bahwa akan ada pertemuan besar di gedung ikeda-ya shinsengumi menyerang gedung itu kebanyakan yang terbunuh adalah para Shishis dari Choshu dan Tosa. ini adalah kejadian dimana shinsengumi mendapat julukan pahlawan nasional hanya dalam semalam, namun dalam kejadian ini Okita mendapat hadiah lebih.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;STRUKTUR ORGANISASI SHINSENGUMI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dengan semakin menanjaknya nama shinsengumi secara nasional, shinsengumi semakin membesar dan meningkat tajam, detilnya inilah struktur organisasi shinsengumi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kapten                      : Kondou Isami&lt;br /&gt;Wakil Kapten           : Hijikata Toshizo&lt;br /&gt;ahli strategi militer : Itou Kashitarou (juga sebagai pengajar literatur)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kapten pasukan :&lt;br /&gt;1st: Okita Souji (instrutur Kenjutsu dan ketua pasukan pengawal kapten)&lt;br /&gt;2nd: Nagakura Shinpachi (instruktur Kenjutsu)&lt;br /&gt;3rd: Saitou Hajime (instruktur  Kenjutsu)&lt;br /&gt;4th: Matsubara Tadaji (instruktur  Jujitsu)&lt;br /&gt;5th: Takeda Kanryuusai (instruktur dalam  strategi militer)&lt;br /&gt;6th: Inoue Genzaburou&lt;br /&gt;7th: Tani Sanjyuurou (Instruktur ilmu tongkat)&lt;br /&gt;8th: Toudou Heisuke&lt;br /&gt;9th: Suzuki Mikisaburou&lt;br /&gt;10th: Harada Sanosuke&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ketua Mata-mata: Yamazaki Susumu (salah satu rang kepercayaan petingi shinsengumi atas informasi-informasi rahasia kepada shinsengumi)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;KODE ETIK SAMURAI SHINSENGUMI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kode etik Shinsengumi hampir semuanya diyulis oleh Hijikata Toshizo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kode etik dalam Shinsengumi ada 5 diantaranya adalah :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   1. Deviating from the samurai code (Bushido)&lt;br /&gt;   2. Dilarang meninggalkan Shinsengumi&lt;br /&gt;   3. Dilarang mengumpulkan uang untuk kepentingan Pribadi&lt;br /&gt;   4. Dilarang bertindak dan menghakimi sendiri-sendiri&lt;br /&gt;   5. Dilarang saling bertarung terhadap teman sendiri&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hukuman tidak memetuhi peraturan adalah seppuku. In addition, the Shinsengumi had these regulations:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   1. jika pemimpin mati dalm suatu pertempuran, semua anggota harus bertarung dan mati di tempat itu pula.&lt;br /&gt;2. jika dalam pertarungan angka kematiannya banyak, dilarang membawa kembali anggota yang sudah mati kecuali mayat daripada pemimpin pasukan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yang sangat-sangat dilarang oleh Shinsengumi: "Jika anggota Shinsengumi betarung dengan orang asing, bak dalam tugas atau tidak, dan jika dia terluka, ia diizinkan melarikan diri, tapi jika dia mengalami luka di punggung maka dia harus seppuku, karena hal ini bisa jadi karena anggota Shinsengumi itu Ceroboh atau dia adalah pengecut "&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hijikata memaksa mereka mematuhi peraturan ini agar sikap bushido dari para samurai itu tercermin baik. Dibuatnya peraturan ini dibuat beralasan untuk membangun mereka menjadi kuat tak kenal takut, dan menjadikan mereka orang-orang yang konsisten dan setia dari ratusan ahli pedang,dan setiap peraturan hukumannya adalah mati.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Banyak diantaranya anggta shinsengumi dipaksa seppuku karena melanggar peraturan dan menjadi mata-mata musuh.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;SERAGAM SHINSENGUMI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para anggota Shinsengumi sangat mudah dikenali saat perang karena seragamnya yang khas. mengikuti perintah dari kapten Shinsengumi, Serizawa Kamo, seragam shinsengumi adalah seragam standar yang terdiri dari haori dan hakama lengkap dengan kimono, dengan tali putih atau tasuki melingkar dari dada dan diikat di belakang. fungsi dari tasuki untuk mencegah kerah kimono mengganggu gerakan tangan saat menggunakan pedang/senjata. keunikan dari seragam shinsengumi terletak pada haori, yang berwarna asagiiro (浅葱色, umumnya biru muda, tapi dapat juga berwarna kuning. Pada pinggiran haori, haori di jahit dengan kain "kain putih bercorak gunung", hasilnya adalah seragam yang mencolok, sangat unik tidak seperti layaknya jagoan berpedang di jepang umumnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/when-the-last-sword-is-drawn-2.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-1837921055425165593?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/1837921055425165593/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/shinsengumi.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1837921055425165593'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1837921055425165593'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/shinsengumi.html' title='SHINSENGUMI'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-9220639374972372880</id><published>2009-06-29T08:58:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-29T08:59:37.041-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ninja'/><title type='text'>All About Ninja</title><content type='html'>Sejarah NINJA&lt;br /&gt;- Kata ninja terbentuk dari dua kata yaitu nin dan sha yang masing-masing artinya adalah tersembunyi dan orang.&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja disebut juga Shinobi (dalam bahasa Jepang: harafiah, "Seseorang yang bergerak secara rahasia").&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja, seperti samurai, mematuhi peraturan khas mereka sendiri, yang disebut ninpo.&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja merupakan mata-mata profesional pada zaman feudal jepang.&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja wanita disebut juga kunoichi yang biasanya bekerja dengan menggunakan kefemininan mereka.&lt;br /&gt;- Kemunculan ninja pada tahun 522 berhubungan erat dengan masuknya seni nonuse ke Jepang.&lt;br /&gt;- Seni nonuse inilah yang membuka jalan bagi lahirnya ninja (Seni nonuse atau yang biasa disebut seni bertindak diam-diam)&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja tetap aktif sampai jaman edo (1600-1868)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NINJUTSU MARTIAL ART&lt;br /&gt;- Ninjutsu yaitu seni pergerakan sunyi Jepang.&lt;br /&gt;- Menurut sebagian pengamat ninjutsu, keahlian seorang ninja bukanlah pembunuhan tetapi penyusupan.&lt;br /&gt;- Keahlian khusus seorang ninja adalah menyusup dengan atau tanpa suara.&lt;br /&gt;- Ninjutsu mengajarkan teknik spionase, sabotase, melumpuhkan lawan, dan menjatuhkan mental lawan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Spoiler for 17 tingkat ninjutsu:&lt;br /&gt;1. seishin teki kyoyo (pemurnian jiwa)&lt;br /&gt;2. tai jutsu (bertarung dengan tangan kosong)&lt;br /&gt;3. ninja ken (pedang ninja)&lt;br /&gt;4. bo jutsu (jurus tongkat dan bilah)&lt;br /&gt;5. shuriken jutsu (senjata lempar)&lt;br /&gt;6. yari jutsu (jurus tombak)&lt;br /&gt;7. naginata jutsu (jurus pedang bertongkat)&lt;br /&gt;8. kusari gama (jurus rantai dan bandul)&lt;br /&gt;9. henso jutsu (ilmu menyamar dan membaur)&lt;br /&gt;10.shinobi iri (ilmu mengintai dan menyusup)&lt;br /&gt;11.ba jutsu (ilmu bertempur di atas kuda)&lt;br /&gt;12.sui ren (ilmu tempur dalam air)&lt;br /&gt;13.bo ryaku (ilmu strategi)&lt;br /&gt;14.cho ho (ilmu spionase)&lt;br /&gt;15.inton jutsu (teknik meloloskan diri dan menghilang)&lt;br /&gt;16.ten mon (meteorologi)&lt;br /&gt;17.chi mon (geografi)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NINJA'S EQUIPMENT&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja memakai baju yang menutup tubuh mereka kecuali telapak tangan dan seputar mata.&lt;br /&gt;- Baju ninja ini disebut shinobi shozoko.&lt;br /&gt;- Shinobi shozoko memiliki 3 warna ; hitam, putih &amp;amp; hijau&lt;br /&gt;- Shinobi shozoko memiliki banyak kantong di dalam dan luarnya.&lt;br /&gt;- Kantong ini digunakan untuk menyimpan peralatan kecil dan senjata yang mereka butuhkan, seperti racun, shuriken, pisau, bom asap dan lain-lain.&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja juga membawa kotak P3K kecil tradisional, yang diisi dengan cairan dan minuman.&lt;br /&gt;- Ninja juga memakai tabi yang mirip sepatu boot.&lt;br /&gt;- Celah yang memisahkan jempol kaki dengan jari lainnya memudahkan ninja saat memanjat tali atau dinding.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Source: &lt;a href="http://ugland.us/showthread.php?t=15659" target="_blank"&gt;http://ugland.us/showthread.php?t=15659&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-9220639374972372880?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/9220639374972372880/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/all-about-ninja.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/9220639374972372880'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/9220639374972372880'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/06/all-about-ninja.html' title='All About Ninja'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-428523854816666669</id><published>2009-03-07T19:08:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-03-07T19:11:47.804-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>Benkei Musashibo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div id="post_message_57214677"&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img style="width: 435px; height: 418px;" src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/benkei.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Benkei Musashibo memiliki asal-usul keluarga yang tidak jelas, namun sering disebut kelahiran Provinsi Kii. Dalam brosur pariwisata, kota Tanabe di Prefektur Wakayama sering disebut-sebut sebagai kota kelahiran Benkei.&lt;br /&gt;Ia dikisahkan sebagai putra dari pendeta Buddha di kuil Shinto bernama Tanzō yang menjabat penguasa wilayah sekaligus panglima angkatan laut Kumano. Dalam kisah Gikeiki, ayah Benkei disebut bernama Benshō, sedangkan dalam Benkei Monogatari ayah Benkei bernama Benshin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Benkei lahir sebagai anak luar nikah dari putri seorang pejabat Dainagon. Menurut Gikeiki, Benkei berada dalam kandungan ibunya selama 18 bulan, tapi menurut Benkei Monogatari, ia dikandung selama 3 tahun. Sewaktu baru dilahirkan, ia sudah memiliki penampilan fisik seperti anak berusia 2 atau 3 tahun. Panjang rambutnya sampai menutupi bahu, dengan semua gigi yang sudah tumbuh lengkap. Sewaktu masih kecil, ayahnya bermaksud membunuh Benkei yang dikira anak keturunan iblis.&lt;br /&gt;Perbuatan ini dicegah oleh bibinya yang lalu membesarkan Benkei di Kyoto, dan memberinya nama Oniwaka (anak jin).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selanjutnya, Oniwaka dititipkan ke kuil di Gunung Hiei namun diusir karena gemar berbuat kekerasan. Setelah mencukur sendiri rambutnya hingga gundul, Oniwaka menyebut dirinya sebagai Musashibō Benkei. Sebagai Benkei, ia berkelana ke Shikoku hingga ke Provinsi Harima, dan berulang kali menimbulkan keonaran di sana. Di Harima, Benkei sempat membakar menara di kuil Shoshazan Engyō-ji.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/nagimaki20d.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;contoh Nagimaki nya Benkei&lt;/b&gt;: cuman yg diatas bikinannya dynasty forge &lt;img src="http://www.kaskus.us/images/smilies/sumbangan/14.gif" alt="" title="Big Grin" class="inlineimg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sesampainya di Kyoto, Benkei bercita-cita mengumpulkan 1.000 bilah pedang (Tachi).&lt;br /&gt;Pedang-pedang yang dirampasnya dengan cara menantang duel samurai yang kebetulan sedang lewat.&lt;br /&gt;Ketika bertemu dengan Yoshitsune yang sedang meniup seruling di atas Jembatan Gojō, Benkei sudah berhasil mengumpulkan 999 bilah pedang dan tinggal merampas satu bilah pedang lagi. Perhatian Benkei tertuju pada pedang bagus yang dibawa Yoshitsune, dan berusaha merampasnya lewat suatu pertarungan.&lt;br /&gt;Yoshitsune dengan lincah melompat-lompat di atas kisi-kisi jembatan untuk menghindari serangan Benkei. Pada akhirnya, Benkei justru berhasil ditaklukkan Yoshitsune.&lt;br /&gt;Sejak itu pula Benkei menjadi pengikut Yoshitsune yang setia, dan ikut bersama Yoshitsune dalam menghancurkan klan Taira. Kisah duel yang terkenal antara Yoshitsune dan Benkei di atas Jembatan Gojō merupakan cerita karangan orang, karena jembatan tersebut belum dibangun sewaktu Yoshitsune masih hidup. Menurut kisah Gikeiki, pertarungan terjadi di lingkungan kuil Kiyomizu-dera.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sewaktu Yoshitsune bertikai dengan Yoritomo, Benkei mendampingi Yoshitsune melarikan diri ke Provinsi Ōshu untuk meminta perlindungan kepada Fujiwara no Hidehira. Benkei membela Yoshitsune yang diserang pasukan Fujiwara no Yasuhira dalam pertempuran di Koromogawa no tachi. Pertempuran berjalan tidak seimbang. Benkei menghadapi pasukan lawan yang jumlahnya lebih banyak dengan mengayun-ayunkan naginata. Namun akhirnya Benkei tewas dihujani anak panah.&lt;br /&gt;Peristiwa kematian Benkei dikenal sebagai &lt;b&gt;“Benkei tewas berdiri” (Benkei no Tachi Ōjō)&lt;/b&gt; karena Benkei tewas sambil berdiri kaku. Kisah kesetiaan Benkei merupakan kisah karangan orang berdasarkan buku Gikeiki. Dalam kronologi sejarah Azuma no Kagami, Benkei menyertai Yoshitsune dan Yukiie sewaktu diusir dari Kyoto, tapi tidak ditemukan catatan lebih jauh mengenai diri Benkei. Menurut legenda, Benkei dimakamkan di kota Hiraizumi, Prefektur Iwate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/nagimaki20da.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-428523854816666669?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/428523854816666669/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/03/benkei-musashibo.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/428523854816666669'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/428523854816666669'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/03/benkei-musashibo.html' title='Benkei Musashibo'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-858943920259675355</id><published>2009-03-07T19:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-03-07T19:06:08.603-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>Minamoto no Yoshitsune</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/Yoshitsune.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adalah seorang samurai klan Minamoto di akhir zaman Heian yang berasal dari klan Kawachi Genji. Yoshitsune adalah adik lain ibu dari pendiri Keshogunan Kamakura, Minamoto no Yoritomo. Nama aliasnya adalah Kurō Yoshitsune.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yoshitsune dilahirkan sebagai Ushiwakamaru, putra ke-9 dari kepala klan Kawachi Genji bernama Minamoto no Yoshitomo. Setelah ayahnya terbunuh dalam Pemberontakan Heiji melawan Taira no Kiyomori, Ushiwakamaru dititipkan di kuil Kurama. Selanjutnya ia dipindahkan ke Hiraizumi di Mutsu, dan dititipkan kepada Fujiwara no Hidehira yang menjabat kepala klan Ōshū Fujiwara sekaligus penguasa Mutsu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sementara itu, kakak tertua Yoshitsune, Yoritomo terus memimpin perlawanan untuk menggulingkan klan Taira yang disebut Pemberontakan zaman Jishō-Jūei (Perang Genpei). Setelah dewasa, Yoshitsune bergabung membantu Yoritomo, dimulai dari Pertempuran Ichi-no-Tani, Pertempuran Yashima, hingga akhirnya klan Minamoto berhasil menghancurkan armada klan Taira dalam Pertempuran Dan-no-ura. Walaupun berjasa besar sebagai pemimpin perang, Yoshitsune tidak diberi penghargaan yang pantas oleh Yoritomo, dan sebagian wilayah kekuasaannya dirampas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yoshitsune dianggap memperlihatkan sikap memberontak sehingga dicap sebagai musuh kaisar dan menjadi buronan di seluruh negeri. Dalam pelariannya, Yoshitsune meminta perlindungan klan Ōshū Fujiwara yang pernah membesarkannya. Fujiwara no Yasuhira berhasil didesak Yoritomo agar menangkap Yoshitsune. Yasuhira menyerang Yoshitsune yang sedang berada di Koromogawa no tachi (sekarang ada di kota Ōshū, Prefektur Iwate). Yoshitsune yang sudah terkepung akhirnya bunuh diri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kematian Yoshitsune menerima banyak simpati dari banyak orang. Dari kisah Yoshitsune dikenal istilah Hōgan biiki yang merupakan ungkapan simpati orang Jepang terhadap pihak yang kalah (istilah ini tidak dibaca sebagai Han-gan biiki). Hōgan adalah jabatan yang diberikan kaisar kepada Yoshitsune, sedangkan hiiki berarti “simpati” atau “melindungi”. Ungkapan ini kurang lebih berarti, “Pihak yang lemah dengan alasan ia lemah, maka banyak orang yang bersimpati".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yoshitsune terus dikenang orang sebagai ahli strategi berperang yang ulung namun harus mati dengan tragis. Orang Jepang mengungkapkan simpati kepada pihak yang lemah dengan mengambil contoh nasib Yoshitsune. Istilah Hōgan biiki berasal dari kata Hōgan yang digunakan untuk menyebut posisi yang diberikan Kaisar Go-Shirakawa kepada Yoshitsune. Perjalanan hidup Yoshitsune sering dikisahkan banyak orang, dan terus ditambah-tambah hingga menjadi cerita fiksi atau legenda. Kisah kepahlawanan Yoshitsune akhirnya menjadi lebih hebat dari kisah kehidupan yang sebenarnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/408px-Yoshitsune_with_benkei.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di antara legenda Yoshitsune yang paling terkenal adalah adegan duel antara Yoshitsune dengan Musashibō Benkei di Jembatan Gojō. Selain itu terdapat kisah Yoshitsune belajar seni berperang dari buku seni berperang Tiongkok, Liu tao dan San lue yang didapatnya dari hasil mencuri bersama Putri Minatsuru, anak dari Kiichi Hōgen seorang ahli Onmyōdō.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sementara itu, Musashibō Benkei terkenal dengan kisah Pertempuran Koromogawa. Benkei mempertahankan jembatan menuju istana melawan ratusan prajurit supaya Yoshitsune yang ada di dalam bisa melakukan bunuh diri. Peristiwa kematian Benkei dikenal dengan sebutan Benkei no Tachi Ōjō, karena Benkei tewas sambil terus berdiri dengan kaku. Kisah-kisah seperti ini mulai diceritakan orang di zaman Muromachi atau sekitar 200 tahun sesudah kematian Yoshitsune dalam cerita berjudul Gikeiki (Kisah Yoshitsune).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/top_mainimg.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yoshitsune dikatakan banyak membaca buku kunci (tora no maki) dalam seni berperang seperti Liu Tao sehingga bisa menang dalam Perang Genpei.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- dari berbagai sumber.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-858943920259675355?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/858943920259675355/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/03/minamoto-no-yoshitsune.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/858943920259675355'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/858943920259675355'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/03/minamoto-no-yoshitsune.html' title='Minamoto no Yoshitsune'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-8963704673558330179</id><published>2009-03-07T18:58:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-03-07T18:59:35.591-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>Saigo Takamori</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://i204.photobucket.com/albums/bb92/Ken_Bu/SaigoTakamori.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perbukitan yang subur karena dari kejauhan hijau pepohonan memayunginya, di seling bintik-bintik putih dari pemukiman penduduk. Kagoshima, kota pesisir di ujung paling selatan pulau Kyushu. Dan bukit bernama Shiroyama dijajaran perbukitan itu, menyimpan sejarah panjang perjalanan seorang samurai besar, Saigo Takamori.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Samurai adalah istilah untuk kasta prajurit (warrior) dalam strata masyarakat jepang. Samurai mulai eksis sekitar abad keduabelas ketika dua klan terkuat masa itu, Taira dan Minamoto saling bertempur. Di masa itulah, the Japanese shogunate, sistem pemerintahan militer, yang di sebut shogun terbentuk. Hirarki di bawah shogun adalah daimyo (penguasa lokal mungkin setara dengan duke kalau di eropa). Dan kaum samurai ini mengabdi kepada para daimyo. Ada juga istilah ronin, yaitu samurai tanpa tuan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saat Ieyasu Tokugawa mengambil alih kekuasaan dari shogun sebelumnya, dia memindahkan ibukota dari Kyoto ke Edo (Tokyo). Dalam masa pemerintahan Tokugawa, jepang berada dalam keadaan damai selama kurun waktu kurang lebih 265 tahun. Karena tidak ada perang, kaum samurai menjadi tidak mempunyai pekerjaan. Walaupun beberapa kemudian bekerja di sektor pelayanan umum, tapi pada dasarnya mereka adalah 'kaum penganggur' (an idle caste) yang harus di hidupi oleh kasta-kasta yang lain, yang notabene merupakan kasta yang lebih rendah, yaitu para petani, pengrajin dan pedagang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dimasa-masa akhir Tokugawa shogunate inilah Takamori lahir, sebagai anak seorang samurai kelas rendah. Ketika dewasa dia mengabdi kepada Shimazu Nariakira seorang daimyo dari klan Satsuma (sekarang Kagoshima). Dari Nariakira, Takamori belajar tentang politik dan pemerintahan, yang berguna ketika kemudian dia ikut memimpin persekutuan antara Satsuma dan Choshu untuk menggulingkan kekuasaan Tokugawa dan mengembalikan kekuasaan ke tangan kaisar. Pengembalian kekuasaan ketangan kaisar, di kenal sebagai Meiji Restoration.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Era Meiji mengawali era reformasi dari sistem feodal ke sistem modern. Termasuk didalamnya memodern-kan tentara jepang dengan sistem barat. Sosok kuat di balik reformasi ini adalah Okubo Toshimichi. Dia dan Takamori adalah kawan baik dan sama-sama berasal dari Satsuma. Takamori mendukung proses reformasi sejak dari awal. Tetapi ketika hak-hak istimewa samurai di lupakan, terjadi perang batin, antara loyal terhadap negara di satu pihak dan kaum samurai di pihak lain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ketidaksetujuannya dalam mengatasi masalah Korea, membuat Takamori mengundurkan diri dari pemerintahan dan kembali ke Kagoshima. Dia mendirikan sekolah untuk samurai dan para samurai yang tidak puas dengan sistem pemerintahan mulai bergabung. Bujukan dari unsatisfied samurai ini membawa Takamori memimpin pemberontakan terhadap pemerintah. Peristiwa ini tercatat sebagai The Satsuma Rebellion. Pasukan Takamori kalah, dan mereka mundur kembali ke Kagoshima.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dengan bersisa sekitar 300 samurai, mereka bertahan dengan bersembunyi didalam gua-gua di bukit Shiroyama. Ketika jumlah pasukannya menyusut, karena kurangnya pasokan makanan, amunisi dan juga karena kelelahan, Takamori sadar, bahwa dia telah kalah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di pagi hari tanggal 24 September 1877, sekelompok kecil samurai yang hanya mempunyai pedang ditangan untuk bertahan, di hujani meriam oleh ribuan tentara pemerintah. Tubuh Takamori dan pengikutnya di ketemukan terpenggal kepalanya. Mereka telah melakukan seppuku atau bunuh diri. An honorable death is preferable to a life in shame.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Walaupun di cap sebagai pemberontak oleh pemerintah, Takamori tetap di kenang oleh rakyat jepang sebagai pahlawan, terutama di wilayah jepang selatan. Pemerintahan Meiji kemudian mengampuni dan menganugerahi kehormatan tertinggi. Patung besarnya kini menghiasi Central Park di Kagoshima dan Ueno Park di Tokyo.&lt;br /&gt;Sosok heroiknya telah memberi inspirasi film The Last Samurai.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- dari berbagai sumber&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-8963704673558330179?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/8963704673558330179/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/03/saigo-takamori.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/8963704673558330179'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/8963704673558330179'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/03/saigo-takamori.html' title='Saigo Takamori'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-8782370935342016977</id><published>2009-02-22T22:13:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-22T22:13:28.620-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nihonto'/><title type='text'>Various Types of Horimono</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2&gt;Ungyo and Agyo &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqRm6K_7HI/AAAAAAAAAQQ/Ef39xDjHGe8/s1600-h/ngyo+and+agyo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 272px; height: 320px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqRm6K_7HI/AAAAAAAAAQQ/Ef39xDjHGe8/s320/ngyo+and+agyo.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294704409563884658" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Nobori-ryu and Chinese characters 'Na Mu A Mi Da Butsu' &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqQDaVMENI/AAAAAAAAAQA/EgnAMcbrNu8/s1600-h/namuamidabutsu.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 190px; height: 320px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqQDaVMENI/AAAAAAAAAQA/EgnAMcbrNu8/s320/namuamidabutsu.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294702700209639634" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Kurikara, kensaku and bonji&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqQDGIFRUI/AAAAAAAAAP4/z_aBIVDafdA/s1600-h/kurikara_kensaku.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 153px; height: 320px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqQDGIFRUI/AAAAAAAAAP4/z_aBIVDafdA/s320/kurikara_kensaku.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294702694785959234" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Kaen-kurikara and bonji&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqQCxhGSLI/AAAAAAAAAPw/SlsU4xzT6k8/s1600-h/kurikara_bonji.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 182px; height: 320px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqQCxhGSLI/AAAAAAAAAPw/SlsU4xzT6k8/s320/kurikara_bonji.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294702689253738674" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Fudomyo-o and Seitaka-doji&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqPWlUhT7I/AAAAAAAAAPY/3wp4UHjhhho/s1600-h/fudomyo_seitakadoji.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 162px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqPWlUhT7I/AAAAAAAAAPY/3wp4UHjhhho/s320/fudomyo_seitakadoji.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294701930065514418" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Tsume-tsuki-ken and kaen-fudomyo-o&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqPWTtOsQI/AAAAAAAAAPQ/ga5ZkI2yfYY/s1600-h/fudo_myo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 195px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqPWTtOsQI/AAAAAAAAAPQ/ga5ZkI2yfYY/s320/fudo_myo.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294701925337313538" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-8782370935342016977?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/8782370935342016977/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/02/various-types-of-horimono.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/8782370935342016977'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/8782370935342016977'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/02/various-types-of-horimono.html' title='Various Types of Horimono'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXqRm6K_7HI/AAAAAAAAAQQ/Ef39xDjHGe8/s72-c/ngyo+and+agyo.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-5917735404739330069</id><published>2009-02-22T22:11:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-22T22:12:37.899-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nihonto'/><title type='text'>Various Types of Tsuka-maki</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Kawari-ito-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnp6t7WglI/AAAAAAAAANQ/sUChs1oG-RA/s1600-h/14kawari_ito_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 75px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnp6t7WglI/AAAAAAAAANQ/sUChs1oG-RA/s320/14kawari_ito_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294520031920947794" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Jabara-kake-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnp6j4D0qI/AAAAAAAAANI/_K6-8gYXRes/s1600-h/13jabara_kake_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 74px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnp6j4D0qI/AAAAAAAAANI/_K6-8gYXRes/s320/13jabara_kake_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294520029222785698" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Katate-maki with dashi-menuki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnpVcpJCMI/AAAAAAAAANA/c8tiVMfp5yQ/s1600-h/12katate_maki_dashi_menuki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 74px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnpVcpJCMI/AAAAAAAAANA/c8tiVMfp5yQ/s320/12katate_maki_dashi_menuki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294519391626004674" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Fuji-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnpUq1vhjI/AAAAAAAAAMw/EczGmKpVN2I/s1600-h/11fuji_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 74px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnpUq1vhjI/AAAAAAAAAMw/EczGmKpVN2I/s320/11fuji_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294519378257086002" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Jabawa_-kumiage-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnpUJTU_jI/AAAAAAAAAMo/ihCsoD05Shc/s1600-h/10jabara_kumi_age_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 78px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnpUJTU_jI/AAAAAAAAAMo/ihCsoD05Shc/s320/10jabara_kumi_age_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294519369254370866" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Tsumami--kozakura-wawa-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnoHyzPZtI/AAAAAAAAAMY/sL5NVHbd5o4/s1600-h/9tsumami_kozakura_gawa_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 77px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnoHyzPZtI/AAAAAAAAAMY/sL5NVHbd5o4/s320/9tsumami_kozakura_gawa_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294518057544148690" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Moro-tsumami-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnoHww1lLI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/Bi_iZ6mUfaA/s1600-h/8moro_tsumami_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 72px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnoHww1lLI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/Bi_iZ6mUfaA/s320/8moro_tsumami_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294518056997196978" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Kata-tsumami-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnoHcipjnI/AAAAAAAAAMI/YrEbSnPBrCI/s1600-h/7kata_tsumami_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 74px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnoHcipjnI/AAAAAAAAAMI/YrEbSnPBrCI/s320/7kata_tsumami_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294518051568979570" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Naka-biku-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnoHU5DnMI/AAAAAAAAAMA/lxy15_HgF_8/s1600-h/6naka_biku_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 75px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnoHU5DnMI/AAAAAAAAAMA/lxy15_HgF_8/s320/6naka_biku_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294518049515478210" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Gangi-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnoHEHsQjI/AAAAAAAAAL4/RVVgHW-E8MM/s1600-h/5gangi_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 82px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnoHEHsQjI/AAAAAAAAAL4/RVVgHW-E8MM/s320/5gangi_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294518045013459506" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Kawa-tsumami-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnndsOKoMI/AAAAAAAAALw/JfoBCgsSO4E/s1600-h/4kawa_tsmami_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 77px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnndsOKoMI/AAAAAAAAALw/JfoBCgsSO4E/s320/4kawa_tsmami_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294517334223528130" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Shino-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnmV5BsloI/AAAAAAAAALY/3LH500Tn3qU/s1600-h/1shino_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 78px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnmV5BsloI/AAAAAAAAALY/3LH500Tn3qU/s320/1shino_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294516100710307458" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Katate-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnm17IsgNI/AAAAAAAAALg/tYFYBrfqhEA/s1600-h/2katate_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 81px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnm17IsgNI/AAAAAAAAALg/tYFYBrfqhEA/s320/2katate_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294516651032346834" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Kata-hineri-maki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnnF9YRttI/AAAAAAAAALo/AOEc28wxy7A/s1600-h/3kata_hineri_maki.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 77px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnnF9YRttI/AAAAAAAAALo/AOEc28wxy7A/s320/3kata_hineri_maki.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294516926512477906" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-5917735404739330069?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/5917735404739330069/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/02/various-types-of-tsuka-maki.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/5917735404739330069'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/5917735404739330069'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/02/various-types-of-tsuka-maki.html' title='Various Types of Tsuka-maki'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EnY-pys1J6k/SXnp6t7WglI/AAAAAAAAANQ/sUChs1oG-RA/s72-c/14kawari_ito_maki.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-9055036574382189750</id><published>2009-02-22T22:10:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-22T22:11:07.720-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nihonto'/><title type='text'>History of Sword Polishing And Polishing</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;(Before the completion of the Japanese sword)&lt;br /&gt;A description of sword polishing is seen in a document called 'Engi-shiki' was written in 905 for the first time. Meanwhile, the oldest recognisable polishing on a Tanto (or dagger) was discovered from inside the body of a Buddha image made in 1274. The Tanto was polished with one of the finishing stones called Uchigumori and Migaki or a kind of burnishing was done on a part of the blade. In this case, Tsuya (or finger polishing with thin and tiny pieces of finishing stone called 'Narutaki') and Nugui ( or polishing powder) seem not to have been employed. But it is speculated that there was already a similar method to modern finishing work in that period.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;(Completion of sword polishing)&lt;br /&gt;It seems that the traditional sword polishing we can see today was completed by the mid 10th Century. In a history book called 'Kanchi-in Bon' which describes the history of the early 14th Century, sword polishers' name were seen for the first time.&lt;br /&gt;In the book there are two polishers' name called 'Kunihiro' and 'Tamesada' who were chosen by the ex-Emperor Gotoba in order to polish the swords made by Goban-kaji who were designated the monthly smiths who worked for the ex-Emperor. Incidentally the ex-Emperor Gotoba had a profound knowledge of the Japanese sword and was an expert of sword appreciation. The description proves that the sword polishing which makes the sword appreciation, possible had been completed by then.&lt;br /&gt;Since then the word 'Polishing' began to be used for sword polishing, thus it definitely had a different meaning from grinding or sharpening of edged tools. It is now thought that three stages of sword polishing already existed in the early Heian period of the mid 9th Century.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;(Sword polishing and artistic value of the Japanese sword)&lt;br /&gt;From the previous description we can speculate that they already had a recognition that the Japanese is not only an excellent weapon but also one of fine arts in the early 13th Century.&lt;br /&gt;When we talk about the practical aspect of a sword, finishing work with extremely fine stone is not necessarily needed and the stage of a middle grain stone called Nagura would be ideal to make the sword work practically. Furthermore, polishing stages after the Nagura stone were developed in order to enhance the artistic value and expose mysterious beauty of the Japanese sword.&lt;br /&gt;The unique finishing work using Uchigumori and Narutaki stones is the only way to bring out the patterns of the Jihada and the Hamon properly. In fact, we have no other option. In a sense, it might be said that the artistic value of the Japanese sword was established and has been appreciated highly because of this exceptional sword polishing.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;(Appearance of the Hon-ami family and the Edo period)&lt;br /&gt;It is said that the basis of the modern sword polishing was established by Hon-ami Kotoku of the Momoyama period of the late 16th Century. Since then, the Hon-ami family had been retained by the Tokugawa Shogun and worked for the Tokugawa family and fuedal lords for generations. Meanwhile the Hon-ami family had eleven branch families during the Edo period and had been the most authorised connoisseur of the Japanese sword and issued certificates. The old certificates of the Hon-ami family are highly praised by sword collectors even now.&lt;br /&gt;Sashikomi polish had been practised by the Hon-ami family until a new Kanahada polished was developed in the early Meiji era.&lt;br /&gt;Actually I am a sword polisher belong to the Hom-ami school as my teacher Nagayama Kokan learnt sword polishing from Hon-ami Koson who succeeded as head of one of the Hon-ami families.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;(Downfall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the Meiji Restoration)&lt;br /&gt;In 1867 the Tokugawa shogunate was replaced by the Royalist government and the government introduced Western style military and banned wearing Japanese swords in 1876. Many people believed that they didn't need the Japanese sword anymore and its mission as weapon had ceased. At that time one of the Hon-ami sword polishers, called Hon-ami Heijuro, tried to increase the artistic value of the Japanese sword by renovating finishing work which enhanced the beauty of the Japanese sword and enlightened many people.&lt;br /&gt;The Japanese sword managed to survive the Meiji Restoration with the tremendous efforts of craftsmen like Hon-ami Heijuro and enthusiastic collectors. The new life of the Japanese sword just started after the end of the Samurai's period that had lasted 700 years.&lt;br /&gt;The new sword polish is called Kanahada (Iron oxide) polish or Kesho (Cosmetic) polish. In this polish, inside the Hamon is whitened along the tempered line and the pattern of Jihada and the activities are exposed conspicuously after all. In the Samurai's period, the Japanese sword had been monopolised by Samurai but in this period the Japanese sword begun to be collected and appreciated not only by former Samurai but also by civilians.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;(After World War II)&lt;br /&gt;After Japan's defeat of World War II, all activities concerning the Japanese sword were suspended by the Allied Forces. But the activities were gradually resumed in the wake of Japan's independence in 1950 and the beauty of the Japanese sword is appreciated by many people both in and outside of Japan nowadays.&lt;br /&gt;It seems that the sword polishing has reached the highest level in technique but there are not so many top-level polishers because it requires a long and hard apprenticeship. The Japanese government understands that the sword polishing is one of the most important traditional techniques and it must be succeeded to by the next generation. Therefore it has designated three sword polishers as Living National Treasure by now.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;2. Sword Polishing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Japanese sword polishing is divided into 13 stages. Different stones and tools are used in each stage applying different movements. In the finishing stages the thumb is used to polish Jihada and Hamon with extremely thin and tiny pieces of Narutaki stone and thin lacquered Uchigumori stone.&lt;br /&gt;Normally one sword takes about 120 hours to be finished. In sword polishing, even an error of a hair difference is not allowed and its machine-like accuracy demonstrated with polisher's eyes and hands is obtained only with long and hard apprenticeship.&lt;br /&gt;In order to express Jihada and Hamon of the Japanese sword, this unique polishing method was developed several hundred years ago. Especially the finishing work is effective only for the Japanese sword and it never works on other swords in the same way.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;(Groundwork)&lt;br /&gt;The groundwork is important and should be performed very carefully. Fine swords have been preserved for centuries because perfect ground work has been done by master polishers. Therefore we do our best to maintain the original shape of a sword and try to mend it with minimum sacrifice when we remove chips and rust in the ground work. When the sword is used in fighting, it could be damaged considerably and then the life of the sword could be finished after several occasions of use in the battle field. In actual fact, old swords in sound condition seem to have rarely been used in fighting.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;(Shape of the sword)&lt;br /&gt;The Japanese sword consists of curved lines and it is extremely difficult work to keep the lines precisely in the ground work. The stones for the ground work have a gently curved surface, both lengthwise and crosswise and the sword is polished on the stones in a complicated movement which is a combination of different actions like pitching, twisting, pushing and pulling. Otherwise, the stone grains can not be parallel to the sword's curvature and the lines would be ruined. The Kissaki or the point is the most difficult part in sword polishing and it is always polished in horizontal and in very fine movement.&lt;br /&gt;Furthermore, a difficult thing in sword polishing is that we can't see where we are actually polishing. We are looking at the part of the other side of the sword, but we must know exactly where we are polishing at that moment. This X-ray like ability becomes possible to have only after highest concentration and sensibility are obtained by polisher. The shape of the Japanese sword is a crucial point to judge its period, it is that the length, the curvature, the thickness and the Kissaki or point of the blade, always indicates its period of manufacture.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;(Finishing work)&lt;br /&gt;Finishing work would be unnecessary if the Japanese sword were simply a weapon. Though this fine and difficult technique was innovated in order to thoroughly expose the beauty of the Japanese sword and the technique is being developed by modern polishers even today. The finishing work is extremely delicate and deeply depends on polisher's sensitivity, as the result could change the attribution and even the value of the sword.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;(Jihada - Pattern of texture of steel)&lt;br /&gt;Jihada is the pattern of the steel which is the result of small pieces of Tama-hagane ( or raw material of the Japanese sword) being piled into a square block and then folded twelve to fifteen times. In this process tens of thousands of layers are formed and the layers are brought out in finishing work. The appearance of the pattern depends on the way of the folding. The pattern is expressed like veins of wood, cross grain, running grain, wavy grain, straight grain and so on. The Jihada varies between different schools and smiths.&lt;br /&gt;Paper-thinned Narutaki stone is used in polishing Jigane or steel. It is broken into tiny pieces like sand then the face of the thumb folds the tiny pieces and polishes all over the blade lengthways. No other stone works effectively to express the pattern of the Jihada characteristically. Also the thickness, the size and the nature of the stone must be carefully chosen otherwise you never get the result what you expect. This is the most important and crucial stage in the finishing work. The expression of the Jihada is really delicate and sensitive. The finishing work of Jihada could end in waste of labour easily if your judgement of the Jihada and the choice of the stone are wrong. Once you fail it, you have to return to the ground work. It means you have to spend a few days in order to come back to the present stage.&lt;br /&gt;The Jihada of the Japanese sword has aesthetic and mysterious beauty. In the meantime, the steel is not uniformed and contains many impurities but those factors are said to produce interesting and various activities. Though the activities are not fully expressed or shown by unskilled polishing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Nugui - Powder polishing)&lt;br /&gt;Nugui is a mixture of several polishing powders like iron oxide, magnetite, stone powder and so on. It is mixed with clove oil then used to polish the sword and makes the Jihada dark. But the Jihada should not be a mirror-like surface. Such glittering surface ruins the pattern of Jihada and activities.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;(Hadori - Whitening Hamon)&lt;br /&gt;Hadori is a stage to whiten inside the Hamon along the tempered line with Hazuya or very thin and lacquered Uchigumori stone. A small and round Hazuya is delicately elaborately moved to make a formation of the Hamon and make inside the Hamon white. As I mentioned before, this is a relatively new technique which was innovated by Hon-ami Heijuro in the late 19th Century. The formation of the Hamon must indicate characteristics of the smith and his tradition. This work requires enormous concentration and patience as the work normally lasts several days. It is really a snail-walk job but exciting to see the process which gradually makes a beautiful contrast of black and white between Jihada and Hamon.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;(Burnishing)&lt;br /&gt;In this stage, the Shinogi-ji and Mune are burnished with a steel stick twice or three times in order to preventing the sword from rusting and scratching then the burnishing makes shiny mirror surface.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;(Narume - Point polishing)&lt;br /&gt;Narume is the final stage of sword polishing and this part of the sword is always polished vertically and Hazuya which was used in the Hadori is used again here. A Yokote line is made and the straight and vertical line is the border of the two parts of the Kissaki and the rest of the sword. It is another difficult work to precisely make straight line in an exactly right place. It is never realised without appropriate ground work. &lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p&gt;At last the sword is finished beautifully. A sword polisher feels a great relief and joy when he is satisfied with his work after he accomplishes his duty.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-9055036574382189750?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/9055036574382189750/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/02/history-of-sword-polishing-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/9055036574382189750'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/9055036574382189750'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/02/history-of-sword-polishing-and.html' title='History of Sword Polishing And Polishing'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-1548922979230900939</id><published>2009-02-22T22:08:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-22T22:09:54.559-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nihonto'/><title type='text'>History of Japanese Sword And Aspect</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;It may be very interesting to know how many Japanese swords exist in Japan. In actual fact, about 2 million 3 hundred thousand Japanese swords have been registered by the Agency for Cultural Affairs since World War II. This number does not include mass-produced swords for military use made during the war. These were not forged by traditional methods and are not recognized as real Japanese swords either. On the other hand, it is speculated that the same number of Japanese swords were destroyed and flowed oversea just after the war.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;(Before completion of Japanese sword - 8th Century)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In fact, the pre-history of the Japanese sword is not very clear. Many Chokuto (or straight swords) made in the 8th Century have been kept in the Shoso-in store (an Imperial repository in Nara) which was built in the 8th Century and preserved the collection of the Emperor Shomu. The swords in the store are believed to have been imported from the continent, but it seems that no noticeable technique of sword making was yet developed in Japan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www007.upp.so-net.ne.jp/m-kenji/documents/document32.html#1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;"&gt;(Transitional stage - 10th Century)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the transitional stage from the 8th to the 10th Century, it is not certain how the Japanese sword was developed and completed in the late 10th Century. This is because few people have researched this period seriously and there are not many extant works. Most techniques of sword making were imported and many swordsmiths were invited to come to Japan from China and Korea.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;(Appearance of Bushi or Warrior - Late 10th Century)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Within this transitional stage of the Japanese sword's history and influencing its development, the appearance of Bushi (warriors) is an important factor, as this was also the period of the transition of power from aristocrats to Bushi. In the early stages, some aristocrats who were unhappy with their promotion in the administration or the Imperial Court left Kyoto which was then the metropolitan capital of Japan, and went into countryside and started invading manors owned by other aristocrats who were living in Kyoto. These people were actually the origin of Bushi or Japanese warrior class.&lt;br /&gt;Through the continuous battles, the Japanese sword became fully developed and became not only the main weapon, but also a status symbol of Bushi. Accordingly, it was expressed as “The Japanese sword is Soul of the Samurai'” in the later Edo Period.&lt;br /&gt;By the end of the 10th Century, the elegant and refined shape of the Japanese sword was formed and it was made by using high quality material and was skillfully forged. In the meantime, tempering the sword with a clay-coating (to form the hardened edge) became well controlled. The functional and artistic completion of the Japanese sword was due to be realised in the next stage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www007.upp.so-net.ne.jp/m-kenji/documents/document32.html#2"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;"&gt;(Kamakura period - 12th Century)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Kamakura Period from the 12th to the 13th Century was the golden age of the Japanese sword and it was also the period that Bushi took power and governed the country for the first time in Japanese history. It can be said that the Japanese sword had been completely developed in every aspect by this time. Indeed, Japanese sword making has basically been subjected to this period since then and most of all smiths have tried to emulate the fine swords of the Kamakura Period.&lt;br /&gt;It is true that more than 70 percent of National Treasure swords were made in this period. Many great master smiths and schools like Masamune, Sadamune, Awataguchi and Ichimonji appeared at this time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www007.upp.so-net.ne.jp/m-kenji/documents/document32.html#3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;"&gt;(Nambokucho Periods - 14th Century)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the demise of the Kamakura shogunate, continuous battles were fought between the pro Northern Imperial Court and the pro Southern Imperial Court all over the country. Emperor Godaigo tried to restore the old administration system of the ancient period and to seize political power. Though the government controlled by the Imperial Court did not last long and another powerful leader of the Genji clan, Ashikaga Takauji backed by bushi who were discontented with the royal government, challenged the emperor and eventually founded the Ashikaga shogunate in Kyoto.&lt;br /&gt;During this period, enormous swords of which had lengths are over 90 cm. were produced. It is speculated that warriors shouldered the long swords on their back and wielded them ostentatiously on the battle field. However, most of these swords were shortened to about 70 cm. at the beginning of the Edo Period and used as a katana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www007.upp.so-net.ne.jp/m-kenji/documents/document32.html#4"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;"&gt;(Muromachi Period - 15thand 16th Century)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Ashikaga shogunate lasted about 200 years but these were never peaceful times. The country became to present the age of rival warlords. The last 100 years of the Muromachi Period is called “The Age of Civil Wars.&lt;br /&gt;The Japanese sword changed drastically in this period in the wake of the innovation of large-scaled smelting and distribution systems. These innovations prompted technical exchange and the use of the same materials across the country, resulting in each province and school beginning to lose their individual and local characteristics.&lt;br /&gt;Another important change was seen at the beginning of the Muromachi Period. This was the appearance of katana and the style of wearing it. The Katana was thrust through the belt with the cutting edge upward (tachi were slung from the belt with the cutting edge pointing towards the ground). Wearing katana (a long sword with a length over 60 cm.) and wakizashi (a sword with a length of 30-60 cm.) became the formal style of samurai that we can see in samurai films today.&lt;br /&gt;It must be noticed that the changes of fighting style influenced the appearance of katana and its style of being worn, especially the introduction of muskets by Portuguese in 1543 had a great impact.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www007.upp.so-net.ne.jp/m-kenji/documents/document32.html#5"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;"&gt;(Edo period - 17th and 18th Century)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A local warlord Oda Nobunaga finally quelled a hundred year civil war in 1573 and Tokugawa Ieyasu founded the Tokugawa shogunate in the 1603. Entering the Edo Period, the Japanese sword came to have a political meaning and additional value as the Shogun used swords as rewards to feudal lords and his retainers instead of the more usual gifts of land, as the Shogun had no land to give them after the Tokugawa clan defeated the Toyotomi clan at the Battle of Sekigahara.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bushi came to be called 'Samurai' in this period and they were not truly warriors any more as they began to function more as bureaucrats. Even so, the pair of swords worn by them was regarded as a symbol of Samurai, namely “The Soul of the Samurai”.&lt;br /&gt;The Edo Period was a long-lasting peaceful time and the country had closed the door to foreign countries. The Japanese sword was losing its meaning as weapon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www007.upp.so-net.ne.jp/m-kenji/documents/document32.html#7"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;"&gt;(Bakumatsu or the End of the Edo Period)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At the end of the Edo Period, copies of tachi and wakizashi of the Nambokucho Period with large kissaki and grand shape came into fashion since the American Pacific Fleet led by Commodore Perrier turned up in the Edo Bay.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www007.upp.so-net.ne.jp/m-kenji/documents/document32.html#8"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;(Meiji Restoration)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The downfall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the Meiji Restoration dramatically changed the Japanese society and traditional Japanese culture was ignored as the new Meiji government was very keen on introducing Western culture and technology. As a result, many important fine arts and crafts were exported or taken away by Western visitors. The Japanese sword was not an exception.&lt;br /&gt;Under these circumstances, most of the Japanese sword craftsmen lost their jobs. But one of the polishers of the Hon-ami school, called Hon-ami Heijuro, renovated the finishing or last stages of sword polishing. It was really an outstanding and un-experienced expression of the Japanese sword. This finishing work is called 'Kana-hada' polish or Kesho polish (so-called, cosmetic polish) and is demonstrated by many polishers today.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;"&gt;(After World War II)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Japanese swords had to experience hard times yet again after Japan was defeated by the Allied Forces in 1945. It is believed that more than a million Japanese swords were destroyed and taken to foreign countries. People involved in the Japanese sword really thought there could be no future for the Japanese sword at this time. But 　ironically this movement of Japanese swords has resulted in spreading Japanese sword culture to foreign countries and we see many people who are interested in and studying the Japanese sword all over the world today.&lt;br /&gt;In Japan, about 250 swordsmiths are engaging in sword making now and they produce about 2,000 swords, which are called Shinsakuto, every year.&lt;br /&gt;In fact, the old methods of sword making have been lost and are not known today. There is no written document of the old methods, as it had been passed on by oral instruction by swordsmiths, until the end of the Edo Period.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;(Remarks)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Japanese sword is basically classified into four categories, namely tachi, katana, wakizashi and tanto. Tachi is slung from the belt with the cutting edge down to the ground and its length is over 60 cm (its standard length is about 78 cm.); katana is thrust into the belt with the cutting edge upward and the length is over 60 cm. (its standard length is about 70 cm.), wakizashi is worn in the same style as katana and the length is between 30 and 60 cm. (its standard length is about 50 cm.), and the length of tanto is under 30 cm. (its standard length is about 26 cm.).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;2. Functional Aspect of the Japanese Sword&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;   &lt;p&gt;As a weapon, swords are expected to meet three conditions; “Cut well”, “Not bent” and “Not break”. The Japanese sword has been praised because of its superb functionality, in addition to its artistic value for centuries. Its superiority comes from the traditional forging method.&lt;br /&gt;Swordsmith applies a unique and complex method that is never seen in other sword forging in order to improve the flexibility, sharpness and durability of the Japanese sword. Small pieces of Japanese steel called tamahagane are piled up and it forms a brick like block. This block is heated, hammered and folded criss-cross many times. This work eliminates impurities that have harmful influence on the sword and produces thousands of layers that appear as jihada or steel grain after the finish work of sword polishing. It has a multiple structure that has different hardness in each part, such as the cutting edge, the skin steel and the core steel.&lt;br /&gt;It is interesting to know that Japanese warriors knew the Japanese sword was an excellent weapon but it was hardly ever used as major weapon in the battle field through the 1,000 year Japanese sword history. It is believed that bow, spear, halberd and musket (after it was introduced by Portuguese in the late Muromachi Period) were the major offensive weapons. The Japanese sword was, in fact, the final weapon to protect wearers at the last moment on the battle field. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;3. Cultural Aspect of the Japanese Sword&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;   &lt;p&gt;The Japanese sword was originally a weapon just like other swords. It developed a special nature that is not seen in others through the unique history of Japanese warriors and it came to have factors that had an influence on the samurai’s way of life. There is no doubt that the Japanese sword was closely related with Bushido in its establishing process.&lt;br /&gt;Many fine swords were donated to shrines and temples praying for their victories and prosperity. Whatever samurai said in swearing by their swords, it had to be carried out whatever the risk, that is to say, &lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;A       Samurai never goes back on his word.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-1548922979230900939?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/1548922979230900939/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/02/history-of-japanese-sword-and-aspect.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1548922979230900939'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1548922979230900939'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/02/history-of-japanese-sword-and-aspect.html' title='History of Japanese Sword And Aspect'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-1977721948209529080</id><published>2009-02-22T22:07:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-22T22:08:28.369-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nihonto'/><title type='text'>How to Handle and Take Care of Japanese Sword</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Traditionally the Japanese sword has been a most important treasure of the Japanese people. We should do what we can to preserve it in order to pay respect to out anscestors who create such a great form of art. Swords must be treated with utmost precaution so as not to injure the handler. Precaution to protect them from scratches and rust are also necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-family: arial;"&gt;1. Precautions to be taken in handling the Japanese sword&lt;/h2&gt;   &lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;All swords, whether encased in plain wooden scabbards and hilts (shirasaya) or formal mountings (koshirae), need to be kept in their swordbags. The head of the scabbard (kojiri) must go into the bag first to avoid the possibility of an accidental fall. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To carry a sword, the scabbard (saya) must be held with one's right hand. The hilt (tsuka) must be put up and the blade must hang down. This measure will prevent dangerous accidents. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Whenever one draws a mounted sword out of its bag or scabbard, make sure the position of the hilt does not go lower than the scabbard. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The registration card (torokusho) should either be tied to the scabbard or sewed onto the swordbag. The sword owner in Japan has a legal obligation to keep a sword and its registration card together. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;2. How to draw a sword out of the scabbard and put it back&lt;/h2&gt;   &lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Whether drawing out a tachi or katana, one must hold the cutting edge up and grasp the scabbard from underneath in the left hand in forward-holding position. Then, hold the hilt from above with the right hand. Since the scabbard is a rather tight fit at the opening where the collar (habaki) is fit (koiguchi), the initial pull must be very carefully made so that only the collar's length gets drawn out. Giving a sudden powerful pull may not only impair the opening of the scabbard but also might result in an unconfortable jerk leading to injury. Holding the blade still, pull it entirely out of the scabbard very slowly making certain the cutting edge never faces down or sideways. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;When a blade is placed back in the scabbard, its case must be held by the left hand and the hilt by the right hand, as in the pulling-out process. The tip of the sharp edge facing up must first rest gently on the opening of the scabbard. Again, holding the blade still, slide the blade along the ditch into the scabbard. When the collar reaches the opening of the case, a firm push is necessary to ensure steady settlement. as before, the cutting edge must not face down or sideways. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;3. Method of Maintenace&lt;/h2&gt;   &lt;p&gt;The major purpose of swordcare is to make sure the steel surface does not oxidize or rust. therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly remove the stale oil and replace it entirely with new oil. The following describes the tools used and the order of operation of swordcare.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p&gt; &lt;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;   &lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mekugi-nuki: A tool to remove the bamboo peg (mekugi) holding the blade in the hilt; usually made of brass or bamboo. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Uchiko: The most finely ground whetstone powder (30-35g) for cleaning the blade surface. First, wrapped in Japanee hand-made paper called Yoshino-gami, then rewrapped by cotton or silk cloth, it comes through the wrapping materials when patted on the blade surface. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Nugui-gami: high quality thick Japanese paper must be thoroughly wrinkled to soften and remove coarse and dusty elements for wiping the blade surface. there are two reasons for the wiping function; one for preliminary removal of old oil and the other for removal of the powder. when using flannel, the fabric must be washed, destarched in water, then dried. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Abura: A rust-preventive oil called choji or clove oil.     &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Abura-nuguishi: Paper used to spread oil over the blade surface. A piece of wiping paper or flannel will          do.     &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Others: a wooden hammer and benzene, if necessary.   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;   &lt;p&gt; &lt;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;   &lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Lay down the mounted blade and push the peg out in preparation for removing the hilt.     &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Pull the blade out of the scabbard.     &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To remove the hilt, hold its end with the left hand on the side where the back of the blade is fit, and keep the blade in a slightly angled uprightb position. Use the right fist to hit the left wrist lightly a few times. when the tang (nakago) becomes slightly loosened in the hilt , repeat until the tang come out of the hilt by the right hand. Be careful not to hit the left wrist too hard with the right hand as there is a danger that blades with short tangs like tanto might bounce out of the hilt entirely. Then, the force of subsequent blows must be adjusted accordingly. When the blade is taken out of the hilt, the peg removed from the hilt should be replaced. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;If the blade is mounted in a full koshirae, other attachment such as swordguard (tsuba) and spacers (seppa) on both sides of the swordguard in addition to the collar must be repalced. When the collar is fitted too tightly to remove, it can be loosened by hitting it with a wooden hammer on the back (mune) after covering the collar with a cloth for protection. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The wiping process requires two pieces of paper. The initial one removes the old oil and dust, which is called preliminary cleaning. first, place the cleaning paper on the back and fold it into halves toward the edge. Then, hold the paper-covered blade from above the back so that the thumb and the forefinger grip each side of the cutting section from above the paper. Hardly any force is needed to wipe the blade upward, one way, starting from the base. When the cleaning paper reaches the point, be particularly careful in wiping lightly. No pressure or friction must be put on the point. When expertise is attained, the wiping action can also be both ways, up and down. Lack of experience could cause the cutting of paper or even fingers and thus it must be strictly avoided. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;In case the oil cannot be removed with ease, cotton or gauze soaked in benzene or pure alcohol may be used in the same wiping manner as described above. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The powdering starts from the base toward the tip on the obverse in a light, uniform patting motion to cover the blade surface. Then turn the blade over and start patting form the point downward toward the base. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Then, use the other sheet of paper to wipe the powder off the blade surface in the same manner as described in (5) in this section. If oil remains, some more powdering and wiping are necessary. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;When the surface is thoroughly clean, check for the presence of rust, flaws and other damages. Then, without putting back the hilt, collar and other attachments, the blade alone must be placed back in the scabbard. It should be noted that the two kinds of wiping paper used in this process must not be interchanged and shold have distinct purposes-preliminary and final. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The re-oiling with a piece of paper, or destarched flannel, folded in size 3cm x 6cm and soaked in fresh oil completes a round of swordcare. When the paper is ready , the sword is to be drawn out of the scabbard again. After placing it in the left hand, put the oiling paper on the back to do the same movement as described in the wiping process. To make sure that blade surface is thoroughly covered with oil, repeat the same procedure a few times. Just as in the wiping, the handling of the sword as well as the oiling paper must be most carefully done. The paper should contain the right amount of oil so that no excess oil will overflow and harm the scabbard. The oil must be spread thinly and evenly. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;It is a good idea to apply oil to the surface of the tang with one's fingers. however, an exessive amount of oil must also be avoided here. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Put the collar back and encase the blade tentatively in the scabbard. Remove the peg from the hilt, draw the blade out of the scabbard, hold it in the right hand in an almost upright position, pick up the hilt with the other hand, and put the tang back in the hilt. Keep holding the blade in the hilt lightly with the palm of the right hand so that the tang settles firmly in the hilt. When the tang is fixed in its perfect position, replace the peg. Then, pass the blade to the right hand, pick up the scabbard and slide the blade into it; observing the manner described in Section 2. Needless to say, the other parts like spacers and swordguards of fully mounted swords must also be returned to their respective places before the hilt is put on the tang. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The methods for handling and caring for other forms of blades such as spears (yari) and halberts (naginata) are the same. Spears must be handled especially carefully; otherwise injury may occur. Also, the daggers of double-edged type (ken) are very dangerous. Swordcare tools must be kept perfectly clean, for dust stuck on the wiping cloth or oiling paper could cause scratches on the steel surface. Protecting these surfaces which have been most finely polished through the graded process involving more than ten kinds of whetstones of different fineness and hardness is critical. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;4. How to Preserve the Japanese Sword&lt;/h2&gt;   &lt;p&gt;The most important aspects of preserving blades in any form are to protect them from developing rust and scratches. The precautions required for keeping the Japanese sword in good condition are the following;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Despite regular care and oiling, a blade may develope rust in places. Generally when rusting takes place where the scabbard touches the blade, it must be taken to and repaired by a saya specialist. Or, when the scabbard is very old, its iterior may well be contaminated with rust and dirt, thus causing the steel to rust. In such a case, a new scabbard must replace the old one at once. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Since the formal mounting functions as an outfit for dressing up, a blade needs to have a plain wooden scabbard and hilt which would be, as it were, casual wear for a blade. It is much preferred to rest a blade in its casual outfit so that when the blade surface starts to rust the wooden scabbard can readily be cleaned inside by splitting it open into vertical halves, which are simply fastened together with a paste made from cooked rice. No chemical substances may be used to fasten the parts of the scabbard and hilt. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;If a blade should start to rust, no inexperienced repairs such as rubbing the rust off with a spatula of coin's edge would improve the condition; rather it is likely to aggravate it and necessitate extra work in smoothing the damaged area. It must be taken to a polishing specialits at once just like a sick person would need to go to see a medical specialist. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Since a blade is particularly vulnerable to rusting soon after polishing, cleaning and oiling should be done preferably every ten days for about six mounths. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Later when the polished blade surface condition is more stable, clean it regularly, at least every six          months.     &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;In preserving swords, it is improper to keep them in a leaning position because it would cause the oil to go down along the blade surface and make a pool at the point. It is necessary to keep then in a dry place, laid down. It would be ideal to keep them in drawers made of paulownia wool. Use of camphor balls or maphthaline to protect the chest from borers should be avoided. it would cause rust on the steel. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Although dry conditions are preferable for swords, the wooden containers or mountings require moisture. Therefore, the place for preserving swords must be very carefully selected. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-1977721948209529080?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/1977721948209529080/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/02/how-to-handle-and-take-care-of-japanese.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1977721948209529080'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1977721948209529080'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/02/how-to-handle-and-take-care-of-japanese.html' title='How to Handle and Take Care of Japanese Sword'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-8002442174522907323</id><published>2009-02-22T22:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-22T22:06:35.089-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nihonto'/><title type='text'>Shinken Tsuka Ito And Blade Length</title><content type='html'>The Tsuka Ito is more than a decorative feature on a katana sword. Everyone seems to have a different preference for Tsuka Ito material. All have advantages and disadvantages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-size: 130%;"&gt;Tsuka ito :                                                 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt;Synthetic Leather  =&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Low cost&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Smooth feel&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;May feel slippery&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;High durability&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt;Cotton =&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Low cost&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Absorbent&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Medium durability&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"&gt;Leather =&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Natural feel&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;High cost&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Middle durability&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;                     &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"&gt;Silk =&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Traditional tsuka ito&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Smooth feel&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;High durability&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Expensive&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt;Suede =&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Very positive grip&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Medium durability&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;                     &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt;Synthetic Suede =&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Very positive grip&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Medium durability&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;               &lt;br /&gt;recommend a    range of sword lengths for your height.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table style="width: 100%;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Height&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Avg Length&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Range&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Avg Length&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Range&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;6' 6"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;31"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;30" to 32"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.6 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.5 to 2.7 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;6' 5"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;30"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;29" to 32"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.55 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.45 to 2.7 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;6' 4"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;30"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;29" to 32"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.55 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.45 to 2.65 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;6' 3"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;30"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;29" to 31"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.5 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.4 to 2.6 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;6' 2"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;29"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;28" to 31"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.45 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.35 to 2.6 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td style="height: 16px;"&gt;6' 1"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td style="height: 16px;"&gt;29"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td style="height: 16px;"&gt;28" to 30"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td style="height: 16px;"&gt;2.45 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td style="height: 16px;"&gt;2.35 to 2.55 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;6' 0"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;28"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;27" to 30"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.4 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.3 to 2.5 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;5' 11"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;28"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;27" to 30"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.35 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.25 to 2.5 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;5' 10"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;28"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;27" to 29"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.35 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.25 to 2.45 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;5' 9"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;27"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;26" to 29"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.3 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.2 to 2.4 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;5' 8"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;27"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;26" to 28"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.25 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.15 to 2.35 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;5' 7"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;26"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;26" to 28"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.25 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.15 to 2.35 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;5' 6"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;26"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;25" to 27"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.2 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.1 to 2.3 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;5' 5"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;26"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;25" to 27"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.15 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.1 to 2.25 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;5' 4"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;25"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;24" to 27"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.15 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.05 to 2.25 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;5' 3"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;25"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;24" to 26"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.1 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2 to 2.2 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;5' 2"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;24"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;24" to 26"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.05 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2 to 2.15 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;        &lt;/tr&gt;        &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;5' 1"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;24"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;23" to 25"&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2.05 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;1.95 to 2.1 Shaku&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-8002442174522907323?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/8002442174522907323/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/02/shinken-tsuka-ito-and-blade-length.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/8002442174522907323'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/8002442174522907323'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2009/02/shinken-tsuka-ito-and-blade-length.html' title='Shinken Tsuka Ito And Blade Length'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-7217287543499205258</id><published>2008-12-22T04:42:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-22T04:43:35.986-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>Sejarah Samurai</title><content type='html'>Istilah samurai ( 侍 ), pada awalnya mengacu kepada “seseorang yang mengabdi kepada bangsawan”. Pada zaman Nara, (710 – 784), istilah ini diucapkan saburau dan kemudian menjadi saburai. Selain itu terdapat pula istilah lain yang mengacu kepada samurai yakni bushi. Istilah bushi ( 武士 ) yang berarti “orang yang dipersenjatai/kaum militer”, pertama kali muncul di dalam Shoku Nihongi ( 続日本紀 ), pada bagian catatan itu tertulis “secara umum, rakyat dan pejuang (bushi) adalah harta negara”. Kemudian berikutnya istilah samurai dan bushi menjadi sinonim pada akhir abad ke-12 (zaman Kamakura).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada zaman Azuchi-Momoyama (1573 – 1600) dan awal zaman Edo (1603), istilah saburai berubah menjadi samurai yang kemudian berubah pengertian menjadi “orang yang mengabdi”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Namun selain itu dalam sejarah militer Jepang, terdapat kelompok samurai yang tidak terikat/mengabdi kepada seorang pemimpin/atasan yang dikenal dengan rōnin ( 浪人 ). Rōnin ini sudah ada sejak zaman Muromachi (1392).&lt;br /&gt;istilah rōnin digunakan bagi samurai tak bertuan pada zaman Edo (1603 – 1867). Dikarenakan adanya pertempuran yang berkepanjangan sehingga banyak samurai yang kehilangan tuannya&lt;br /&gt;kehidupan seorang rōnin bagaikan ombak dilaut tanpa arah tujuan yang jelas. Ada beberapa alasan seorang samurai menjadi rōnin. Seorang samurai dapat mengundurkan diri dari tugasnya untuk menjalani hidup sebagai rōnin. Adapula rōnin yang berasal dari garis keturunan, anak seorang rōnin secara otomatis akan menjadi rōnin. Eksistensi rōnin makin bertambah jumlahnya diawali berakhirnya perang Sekigahara (1600), yang mengakibatkan jatuhnya kaum samurai/daimyo yang mengakibatkan para samurai kehilangan majikannya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dalam catatan sejarah militer di Jepang, terdapat data-data yang menjelaskan bahwa pada zaman Nara (710 – 784), pasukan militer Jepang mengikuti model yang ada di Cina dengan memberlakukan wajib militer dan dibawah komando langsung Kaisar. Dalam peraturan yang diberlakukan tersebut setiap laki-laki dewasa baik dari kalangan petani maupun bangsawan, kecuali budak, diwajibkan untuk mengikuti dinas militer.&lt;br /&gt;Secara materi peraturan ini amat berat, karena para wakil tersebut atau kaum milter harus membekali diri secara materi sehingga banyak yang menyerah dan tidak mematuhi peraturan tersebut. Selain itu pula pada waktu itu kaum petani juga dibebani wajib pajak yang cukup berat sehingga mereka melarikan diri dari kewajiban ini. Pasukan yang kemudian terbentuk dari wajib militer tersebut dikenal dengan sakimori ( 防人 ) yang secara harfiah berarti “pembela”, namun pasukan ini tidak ada hubungannya dengan samurai yang ada pada zaman berikutnya.&lt;br /&gt;Setelah tahun 794, ketika ibu kota dipindahkan dari Nara ke Heian (Kyoto), kaum bangsawan menikmati masa kemakmurannya selama 150 tahun dibawah pemerintahan kaisar. Tetapi, pemerintahan daerah yang dibentuk oleh pemerintah pusat justru menekan para penduduk yang mayoritas adalah petani. Pajak yang sangat berat menimbulkan pemberontakan di daerah-daerah, dan mengharuskan petani kecil untuk bergabung dengan tuan tanah yang memiliki pengaruh agar mendapatkan pemasukan yang lebih besar. Dikarenakan keadaan negara yang tidak aman, penjarahan terhadap tuan tanah pun terjadi baik di daerah dan di ibu kota yang memaksa para pemilik shoen (tanah milik pribadi) mempersenjatai keluarga dan para petaninya. Kondisi ini yang kemudian melahirkan kelas militer yang dikenal dengan samurai.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kelompok toryo (panglima perang) dibawah pimpinan keluarga Taira dan Minamoto muncul sebagai pemenang di Jepang bagian Barat dan Timur, tetapi mereka saling memperebutkan kekuasaan. Pemerintah pusat, dalam hal ini keluarga Fujiwara, tidak mampu mengatasi polarisasi ini, yang mengakibatkan berakhirnya kekuasaan kaum bangsawan.&lt;br /&gt;Kaisar Gonjo yang dikenal anti-Fujiwara, mengadakan perebutan kekuasaan dan memusatkan kekuasaan politiknya dari dalam o-tera yang dikenal dengan insei seiji. Kaisar Shirakawa,menggantikan kaisar Gonjo akhirnya menjadikan o-tera sebagai markas politiknya. Secara lihai, ia memanfaatkan o-tera sebagai fungsi keagamaan dan fungsi politik.&lt;br /&gt;Tentara pengawal o-tera, souhei ( 僧兵 ) pun ia bentuk, termasuk memberi sumbangan tanah (shoen) pada o-tera. Lengkaplah sudah o-tera memenuhi syarat sebagai “negara” di dalam negara. Akibatnya, kelompok kaisar yang anti pemerintahan o-tera mengadakan perlawanan dengan memanfaatkan kelompok Taira dan Minamoto yang sedang bertikai.&lt;br /&gt;Keterlibatan Taira dan Minamoto dalam pertikaian ini berlatar belakang pada kericuhan yang terjadi di istana menyangkut perebutan tahta, antara Fujiwara dan kaisar yang pro maupun kotra terhadap o-tera. Perang antara Minamoto, yang memihak o-tera melawan Taira, yang memihak istana, muncul dalam dua pertempuran besar yakni Perang Hogen (1156) dan Perang Heiji (1159).&lt;br /&gt;Peperangan akhirnya dimenangkan oleh Taira yang menandai perubahan besar dalam struktur kekuasaan politik. Untuk pertama kalinya, kaum samurai muncul sebagai kekuatan politik di istana.&lt;br /&gt;Taira pun mengangkat dirinya sebagai kuge ( 公家 - bangsawan kerajaan), sekaligus memperkokoh posisi samurai-nya. Sebagian besar keluarganya diberi jabatan penting dan dinobatkan sebagai bangsawan.&lt;br /&gt;Keangkuhan keluarga Taira akhirnya melahirkan konspirasi politik tingkat tinggi antara keluarga Minamoto (yang mendapat dukungan dari kaum bangsawan) dengan kaisar Shirakawa, yang pada akhirnya mengantarkan keluarga Minamoto mendirikan pemerintahan militer pertama di Kamakura (Kamakura Bakufu; 1192 – 1333).&lt;br /&gt;Ketika Minamoto Yoritomo wafat pada tahun 1199, kekuasaan diambil alih oleh keluarga Hojo yang merupakan pengikut Taira. Pada masa kepemimpinan keluarga Hojo (1199 -1336), ajaran Zen masuk dan berkembang di kalangan samurai. Para samurai mengekspresikan Zen sebagai falsafah dan tuntunan hidup mereka.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada tahun 1274, bangsa Mongol datang menyerang Jepang. Para samurai yang tidak terbiasa berperang secara berkelompok dengan susah payah dapat mengantisipasi serangan bangsa Mongol tersebut. Untuk mengantisipasi serangan bangsa Mongol yang kedua (tahun 1281), para samurai mendirikan tembok pertahanan di teluk Hakata (pantai pendaratan bangsa mongol) dan mengadopsi taktik serangan malam. Secara menyeluruh, taktik berperang para samurai tidak mampu memberikan kehancuran yang berarti bagi tentara Mongol, yang menggunakan taktik pengepungan besar-besaran, gerak cepat, dan penggunaan senjata baru (dengan menggunakan mesiu). Pada akhirnya, angin topanlah yang menghancurkan armada Mongol, dan mencegah bangsa Mongol untuk menduduki Jepang. Orang Jepang menyebut angin ini kamikaze (dewa angin).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dua hal yang diperoleh dari penyerbuan bangsa Mongol adalah pentingnya mobilisasi pasukan infantri secara besar-besaran, dan kelemahan dari kavaleri busur panah dalam menghadapi penyerang. Sebagai akibatnya, lambat laun samurai menggantikan busur-panah dengan “pedang” sebagai senjata utama samurai. Pada awal abad ke-14, pedang dan tombak menjadi senjata utama di kalangan panglima perang.&lt;br /&gt;Pada zaman Muromachi (1392 – 1573), diwarnai dengan terpecahnya istana Kyoto menjadi dua, yakni Istana Utara di Kyoto dan Istana Selatan di Nara. Selama 60 tahun terjadi perselisihan sengit antara Istana Utara melawan Istana Selatan (nambokuchō tairitsu).&lt;br /&gt;Pertentangan ini memberikan dampak terhadap semakin kuatnya posisi kaum petani dan tuan tanah daerah (shugo daimyō) dan semakin lemahnya shogun Ashikaga di pemerintahan pusat. Pada masa ini, Ashikaga tidak dapat mengontrol para daimyō daerah. Mereka saling memperkuat posisi dan kekuasaannya di wilayah masing-masing.&lt;br /&gt;Setiap Han13 seolah terikat dalam sebuah negara-negara kecil yang saling mengancam. Kondisi ini melahirkan krisis panjang dalam bentuk perang antar tuan tanah daerah atau sengoku jidai (1568 – 1600). Tetapi krisis panjang ini sesungguhnya merupakan penyaringan atau kristalisasi tokoh pemersatu nasional, yakni tokoh yang mampu menundukkan tuan-tuan tanah daerah, sekaligus menyatukan Jepang sebagai “negara nasional” di bawah satu pemerintahan pusat yang kuat. Tokoh tersebut adalah Jenderal Oda Nobunaga dan Toyotomi Hideyoshi.&lt;br /&gt;Oda Nobunaga, seorang keturunan daimyo dari wilayah Owari dan seorang ahli strategi militer, mulai menghancurkan musuh-musuhnya dengan cara menguasai wilayah Kinai, yaitu Osaka sebagai pusat perniagaan, Kobe sebagai pintu gerbang perdagangan dengan negara luar, Nara yang merupakan “lumbung padi”, dan Kyoto yang merupakan pusat pemerintahan Bakufu Muromachi dan istana kaisar.&lt;br /&gt;Strategi terpenting yang dijalankannya adalah Oda Nobunaga dengan melibatkan agama untuk mencapai ambisinya. Pedagang portugis yang membawa agama Kristen, diberi keleluasaan untuk menyebarkan agama itu di seluruh Jepang. Tujuan strategis Oda dalam hal ini adalah agar ia secara leluasa dapat memperoleh senjata api yang diperjualbelikan dalam kapal-kapal dagang Portugis, sekaligus memonopoli perdagangan dengan pihak asing. Dengan memiliki senjata api (yang paling canggih pada masa itu), Oda akan dapat menundukkan musuh-musuhnya lebih cepat dan mempertahankan wilayah yang telah dikuasainya serta membentuk pemerintahan pusat yang kokoh.&lt;br /&gt;Oda Nobubunaga membangun benteng Azuchi Momoyama pada tahun 1573 setelah berhasil menjatuhkan Bakufu Muromachi. Strategi Oda dengan melindungi agama Kristen mendatangkan sakit hati bagi pemeluk agama Budha. Pada akhirnya, ia dibunuh oleh pengikutnya sendiri, Akechi Mitsuhide, seorang penganut agama Budha yang fanatik, pada tahun 1582 di Honnoji, sebelum ia berhasil menyatukan seluruh Jepang.&lt;br /&gt;Toyotomi Hideyoshi, yang merupakan pengikut setia Oda, melanjutkan penyatuan Jepang, dan tugasnya ini dituntaskan pada tahun 1590 dengan menaklukkan keluarga Hojo di Odawara dan keluarga Shimaru di Kyushu tiga tahun sebelumnya.&lt;br /&gt;Terdapat dua peraturan penting yang dikeluarkan Toyotomi : taiko kenchi (peraturan kepemilikan tanah) dan katana garirei (peraturan perlucutan pedang) bagi para petani. Kedua peraturan ini secara strategis bermaksud “mengontrol” kekayaan para tuan tanah dan mengontrol para petani agar tidak melakukan perlawanan atau pemberontakan bersenjata.&lt;br /&gt;Keberhasilan Toyotomi menaklukkan seluruh tuan tanah mendatangkan masalah tersendiri. Semangat menang perang dengan energi pasukan yang tidak tersalurkan mendatangkan ancaman internal yang menjurus kepada disintegrasi bagi keluarga militer yang tidak puas atas kemenangan Toyotomi. Dalam hal inilah Toyotomi menyalurkan kekuatan dahsyat tersebut untuk menyerang Korea pada tahun 1592 dan 1597. Sayang serangan ini gagal dan Toyotomi wafat pada tahun 1598, menandakan awal kehancuran bakufu Muromachi.&lt;br /&gt;Kecenderungan terdapat perilaku bawahan terhadap atasan yang dikenal dengan istilah gekokujō ini telah muncul tatkala Toyotomi menyerang Korea. Ketika itu, Tokugawa Ieyasu mulai memperkuat posisinya di Jepang bagian timur, khususnya di Edo (Tokyo). Kemelut ini menyulut perang besar antara kelompok-kelompok daimyo yang memihak Toyotomi melawan daimyo yang memihak Tokugawa di medan perang Sekigahara pada tahun 1600. Kemenangan berada di pihak Tokugawa di susul dengan didirikannya bakufu Edo pada tahun 1603.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;KEMATIAN SAMURAI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kematian dianggap sebagai jalan yang mulia bagi seorang samurai daripada tindakan pahlawan-pahlawan lain. Cara kematian dianggap suatu hal yang sangat penting bagi seorang samurai.&lt;br /&gt;Ajaran yang menerangkan mengenai “mati yang terbaik” telah ditulis di dalam sebuah buku, Hagakure pada kurun ke-18. Ditulis lama selepas tentera samurai berangkat ke medan peperangan, Hagakure - buku tersebut dikatakan telah membawa semangat dan panji samurai ke arah kemelaratan dan kesesatan. Tidak dapat dinafikan, wujudnya satu idealisme yang baik di dalam buku tersebut tetapi telah telah disalahtafsirkan oleh para samurai kerana kekaburan maksud kalimatnya. Malah, contoh utama yang boleh dipaparkan di sini terletak di Bab Pendahuluan buku Hagakure itu sendiri:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Jalan Samurai ditemui dalam kematian. Apabila tiba kepada kematian, yang ada di sini hanya pilihan yang pantas untuk kematian.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Baris-baris kalimat di atas kemudian menjadi ayat-ayat yang paling popular dalam kebanyakan buku dan majalah mengenai samurai atau budaya bela diri masyarakat Jepang. Petikan di bawah merupakan antara isi kandungan buku Hagakure:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Kita semua mau hidup. Dalam kebanyakan perkara kita melakukan sesuatu berdasarkan apa yang kita suka. Tetapi sekiranya tidak mencapai tujuan kita dan terus untuk hidup adalah sesuatu tindakan yang pengecut. Tiada keperluan untuk malu dalam soal ini. Ini adalah Jalan Samurai (Bushido). Jika sudah ditetapkan jantung seseorang untuk setiap pagi dan malam, seseorang itu akan dapat hidup walaupun jasadnya sudah mati, dia telah mendapat kebebasan dalam Jalan tersebut. Keseluruhan hidupnya tidak akan dipersalahkan dan dia akan mencapai apa yang dihajatinya.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Buku Hagakure telah mempengaruhi kehidupan para samurai. Kematian Nobufusa dan Taira Tomomori juga dipengaruhi oleh buku ini.&lt;br /&gt;Taira Tomomori boleh dianggap sebagai Jeneral Taira yang paling agung, telah membunuh diri kerana nasihatnya telah diabaikan pada saat-saat akhir ketika Perang Gempei. Pada pengakhiran konfrontasi ketika Perang Gempei, Tomomori telah mendesak rajanya, Munemori, supaya menyingkirkan seorang jeneral yang diragui kesetiaannya. Munemori telah menolak usulnya, dan ketika berlangsungnya Pertempuran Dan no Ura (1185), jeneral tersebut telah mengkhianati perjuangan Taira. Lantaran kecewa karena nasehat pentingnya diabaikan, Tomomori membuat keputusan untuk menamatkan riwayatnya sendiri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seterusnya kita akan bincangkan mengenai Dua Kematian Cara Samurai iaitu Mati Di Medan Pertempuran dan Seppuku.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cara Kematian 1: Mati Di Medan Pertempuran &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebagaimana pejuang-pejuang Islam yang menganggap mati syahid dalam peperangan untuk membela Islam sebagai satu kemuliaan, begitu juga dengan para samurai. Mati dibunuh di medan perang adalah lebih baik daripada hidup tetapi ditangkap oleh musuh. Salah seorang samurai yang terkenal, Uesugi Kenshin sempat meninggalkan pesanan kepada para pengikutnya sebelum mati:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Seseorang yang tidak mau mati karena tertusuk panah musuh tidak akan mendapat perlindungan daripada Tuhan. Bagi kamu yang tidak mau mati karena dipanah oleh tentara biasa, karena mau mati di tangan pahlawan yang handal atau terkenal, akan mendapat perlindungan Tuhan.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tidak ada samurai yang pernah terhindar daripada bayangan maut semasa di medan perang. Kebanyakan nama besar dalam dunia samurai tumbang di medan perang. Ayah Uesugi Kenshin terbunuh di dalam pertempuran, sebagaimana Imagawa Yoshimoto, Ryuzoji Takanobu, Saito Dosan, Uesugi Tomosada... sementara yang lain telah mengambil keputusan untuk membunuh diri selepas perjuangan mereka telah dipatahkan, dari zaman Minamoto Yorimasa (kurun ke-12) sampai pada zaman Sue Harukata (kurun ke-16). Kebiasaanya, seseorang samurai akan membuat puisi kematian ketika menjelang maut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cara Kematian 2: Seppuku&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tindakan di mana seseorang menyobek perutnya, sebagai suatu cara membunuh diri. Merupakan unsur yang paling popular dalam mitos samurai. Bagi seorang samurai, membunuh diri adalah lebih baik daripada membiarkan ditangkap, karena sekiranya samurai itu masih hidup dan ditangkap, ia dianggap membawa malu kepada nama keluarga dan raja.&lt;br /&gt;Di Barat, cara membunuh diri ini dipanggil Hara-kiri (artinya tindakan Membunuh Diri dengan membelah perut – tetapi istilah ini tidak digunakan oleh para samurai), tidak diketahui kapan istilah itu digunakan. Walau bagaimana pun, seperti yang tercatat dalam sejarah, Seppuku ini mula dilakukan oleh Minamoto Tametomo dan Minamoto Yorisama pada akhir kurun ke-12. Dari sinilah asalnya seorang samurai memilih cara ini karena lebih mudah melakukan dibandingkan membunuh diri dengan cara memenggal kepala sendiri. Ada juga yang mengatakan bahawa dengan melakukan seppuku, iaitu dengan membelah perut adalah merupakan cara yang paling jujur untuk mati. Ini karena, dia sebelum mati akan merasai kesakitan yang amat sangat dan ini mungkin tidak berani dihadapi oleh kebanyakan orang. Oleh karena itu, mati dengan cara seppuku dianggap sebagai suatu keberanian dan kehormatan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada zaman Edo, seppuku telah menjadi sebagai salah satu upacara terhormat dalam kebudayaan Jepang. Mula-mula, karpet tatami putih akan dikeluarkan, kemudian satu bantal yang besar akan diletakkan di atasnya . Para saksi pembunuhan akan berdiri di sebelah samurai tersebut (pelaku seppuku), bergantung kepada pentingnya kematian (sebagai satu nilai penghormatan kepada pelaku seppuku). Samurai yang menjalani seppuku, memakai baju kimono putih, akan duduk berlutut (seiza) di atas bantal tersebut. Di sebelah kiri, pada jarak kira-kira satu meter dari samurai tersebut, seorang kaishakunin, atau `kedua’ akan turut berlutut. Kaishakunin atau `Kedua’ adalah sahabat akrab kepada samurai yang telah meninggal kerana melakukan seppuku. Karena perbuatan ini dianggap tidak senonoh dan amat memalukan (tabu), maka hanya orang-orang yang layak dan terpilih (berkesanggupan untuk melakukan tugas membantu) saja yang akan menjadi kaishakunin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di depan samurai (pelaku seppuku) ini akan ada sebilah pisau bersarung yang terletak di dalam talam. Apabila samurai tersebut merasakan dia telah siap, samurai tersebut akan menanggalkan kimononya dan membebaskan bagian perutnya. Kemudian dia akan mengangkat pisau dengan sebelah tangan, manakala sebelah tangan lagi menanggalkan sarung pisau tersebut dan meletakkannya ke tepi.&lt;br /&gt;Apabila dia telah bersedia, dia akan mengarahkan mata pisau tersebut pada sebelah kiri perut, dan menggoreskannya ke kanan. Selepas itu, pisau tersebut akan diputar dalam keadaan masih terbenam di dalam perut dan ditarik ke atas. Kebanyakan samurai tidak sanggup lagi untuk melakukan tindakan ini, maka ketika inilah kaishakunin (artinya kedua) akan memenggal kepala samurai tersebut setelah melihat sejauh mana kesakitan yang terpapar pada wajahnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tindakan yang dilakukan sampai selesai dikenali sebagai jumonji (crosswise), sayatan bintang, dan seandainya samurai (pelaku seppuku) dapat melakukannya, maka seppuku yang dilakukannya dianggap amat bernilai dan disanjung tinggi. Seppuku juga mempunyai nama-nama tertentu, bergantung kepada fungsi atau sebab melakukannya:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Junshi&lt;/b&gt;: Dilakukan sebagai tanda kesetiaan kepada raja, apabila raja tersebut meninggal. Pada zaman Edo, junshi telah diharamkan karena dianggap sia-sia dan merugikan karena negara akan banyak kehilangan perwira yang setia. Semasa kematian Maharaja Meiji pada 1912, Jeneral Nogi Maresue telah melakukan junshi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kanshi&lt;/b&gt;: Membunuh diri semasa demonstrasi. Tidak begitu popular, melibatkan seseorang yang melakukan seppuku sebagai tanda peringatan kepada seseorang raja apabila segala bentuk musyawarah (persuasion) gagal. Hirate Nakatsukasa Kiyohide (1493-1553) telah melakukan kanshi untuk mengubah prinsip dan pemikiran Oda Nobunaga.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sokotsu-shi&lt;/b&gt;: Seseorang samurai akan melakukan seppuku sebagai tanda menebus kesalahannya. Ini merupakan sebab yang paling popular dalam melakukan seppuku. Antara samurai yang melakukan sokotsu-shi ini termasuklah Jeneral Takeda, Yamamoto Kansuke Haruyuki (1501-1561), karena telah membuat satu rencana yang akhirnya meletakkan posisi rajanya di dalam bahaya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dari : Zeth (kaskus.us)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-7217287543499205258?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/7217287543499205258/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/sejarah-samurai.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/7217287543499205258'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/7217287543499205258'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/sejarah-samurai.html' title='Sejarah Samurai'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-7497785657070706234</id><published>2008-12-22T04:41:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-22T04:42:05.082-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Samurai History'/><title type='text'>47 Ronin</title><content type='html'>Kisah Empat Puluh Tujuh Ronin (赤穂浪士 Akō rōshi, ronin dari Akō) adalah peristiwa pembalasan dendam 47 ronin dari Akō di bawah pimpinan Ōishi Kuranosuke Yoshitaka yang membalas dendam atas kematian majikan bernama Asano Takumi no Kami dengan cara melakukan penyerbuan ke rumah kediaman pejabat tinggi istana Kira Kōzuke no Suke Yoshihisa dan membunuhnya.&lt;br /&gt;Peristiwa pembunuhan Kira Kōzuke no Suke Yoshihisa dikenal sebagai Genroku Akō jiken (元禄赤穂事件? Peristiwa Akō era Genroku) karena terjadi tanggal 14 bulan 12 tahun ke-15 era Genroku atau 30 Januari 1703.&lt;br /&gt;Di kota Akō (Prefektur Hyogo) yang merupakan tempat asal 47 ronin, kisah ini dikenal sebagai Akōgishi (赤穂義士? Perwira setia dari Akō).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di Jepang sebelum Perang Dunia II, kisah ini umum dikenal sebagai Akōgishi dan dijadikan teladan kesetiaan samurai terhadap majikannya. Seusai Perang Dunia II, kisah ini lebih dikenal sebagai Akō rōshi (ronin dari Akō) atau Shijūshichishi (47 samurai) berkat kepopuleran novel karya Osaragi Jirō yang kemudian diangkat menjadi drama televisi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dalam budaya populer, dramatisasi dari kisah yang sama namun lebih menonjolkan kepahlawanan 47 ronin dari Akō sekaligus mencerca Kira Kōzuke no Suke Yoshihisa dikenal sebagai Chūshingura (忠臣蔵?). Kisah Chūshingura merupakan cerita fiksi yang tidak melihat peristiwa dari sudut pandang netral.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Garis besar peristiwa&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada tanggal 14 Maret 1701, Asano Takumi no Kami bertengkar dengan pejabat tinggi (Kōke) bernama Kira Kōzuke no Suke Yoshihisa dan melukainya dengan wakizashi di ruangan bernama Matsu no Ōrōka (tempat berkumpul daimyo) di dalam Istana Edo.&lt;br /&gt;Tokugawa Tsuneyoshi yang menjabat Seii Taishogun menjadi sangat marah atas peristiwa penyerangan dengan benda tajam yang terjadi di lingkungan istana dan memerintahkan Asano Takumi no Kami untuk melakukan seppuku pada hari yang sama.&lt;br /&gt;Hukuman juga dijatuhkan terhadap keluarga Asano Takumi no Kami (klan Akō Asano) dalam bentuk pencabutan semua wilayah kekuasaan klan Akō Asano di Akō, sehingga para pengikutnya harus menjadi ronin.&lt;br /&gt;Kira Kōzuke no Suke Yoshihisa yang juga terlibat dalam peristiwa ini justru tidak mendapat hukuman apa-apa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebagian besar bushi wilayah han Akō dan Ōishi Kuranosuke yang menjabat penasehat utama bagi Asano Takumi no Kami merasa sangat tidak puas dengan keputusan tidak adil yang dijatuhkan pemerintah Bakufu. Hukuman yang dijatuhkan pemerintah Bakufu dianggap melanggar prinsip "kedua belah pihak yang bertengkar harus dihukum" yang merupakan hukum kelas samurai.&lt;br /&gt;Pertemuan yang dilakukan Istana Akō berakhir dengan kebingungan antara mematuhi Keshogunan Edo untuk menyerahkan istana atau melakukan perlawanan dengan bertahan di dalam istana sampai mati.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah menerima surat sumpah dari para samurai yang berisi kebulatan tekad untuk melakukan bertahan dari dalam istana dan melakukan perlawanan sampai mati, Ōishi Kuranosuke berjanji untuk memohon kepada Keshogunan Edo agar memulihkan semua hak yang pernah dimiliki klan Akō Asano dan menghukum Kira Kōzuke no Suke.&lt;br /&gt;Istana Akō lalu diserahkan kepada pemerintah Bakufu untuk menghindari pertumpahan darah dan akibatnya semua samurai wilayah han menjadi ronin dan berpencar ke berbagai daerah seperti Edo dan Kamigata.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ōishi Kuranosuke yang berusaha keras memulihkan kekuasaan klan Asano banyak didukung mantan samurai wilayah han Akō. Jumlah orang yang ikut serta dalam sumpah setia semakin hari semakin bertambah menjadi lebih dari 120 orang. Ōishi Kuranosuke berusaha memulihkan kejayaan klan seperti semula dan meminta adik almarhum Asano Takumi no Kami yang bernama Asano Daigaku untuk menjadi kepala klan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sementara itu, Horibe Taketsune dan para ronin membentuk kelompok radikal di Edo. Kelompok radikal merasa tidak sabar dengan usaha pemulihan yang dinilai lambat dan berkeras hati untuk membalas dendam dengan cara membunuh Kira Kōzuke no suke.&lt;br /&gt;Ōishi Kuranosuke yang mencoba segala macam cara untuk mengembalikan kejayaan klan Asano ternyata banyak mendapat hambatan dari sana-sini. Kehidupan sehari-hari para ronin juga menjadi semakin sulit, beberapa orang ronin bahkan mulai berubah pikiran dan tidak lagi mendukung surat sumpah yang pernah ditulis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada bulan Juli 1702, usaha untuk memulihkan kejayaan klan Akō kandas di tengah jalan setelah Asano Daigaku menerima hukuman dari pemerintah Bakufu berupa kurungan seumur hidup di kediaman keluarga yang merupakan garis keturunan utama klan Asano di wilayah han Hiroshima. Ōishi Kuranosuke lalu mengumpulkan para ronin di Maruyama (Kyoto). Pertemuan ini nantinya dikenal sebagai Pertemuan Maruyama. Hasil pertemuan di Murayama memutuskan untuk melakukan pembunuhan balas dendam (adauchi) terhadap Kira Kōzuke no Suke.&lt;br /&gt;Sebelum memutuskan hasil pertemuan, Ōishi Kuranosuke menguji kembali niat balas dendam para ronin. Ōishi Kuranosuke menawarkan untuk mengembalikan semua surat sumpah kepada masing-masing ronin dan menganggapnya sebagai tidak pernah ada.&lt;br /&gt;Hampir separuh dari para ronin yang ingin melakukan balas dendam kemudian berubah pikiran terutama para ronin yang yang berpenghasilan tinggi. Rencana pembunuhan balas dendam hanya dibicarakan dengan para ronin yang menolak pengembalian surat sumpah. Pada akhirnya, jumlah ronin yang berniat melakukan pembunuhan balas dendam menciut menjadi tinggal 47 orang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dini hari pada tanggal 15 Desember 1702, 47 ronin menyerbu masuk ke rumah kediaman Kira Kōzuke no Suke yang berada di Honjo Matsuzaka dan Kira Kōzuke no Suke berhasil dibunuh. Kawanan 47 ronin membawa pulang penggalan kepala Kira Kōzuke no Suke dan mempersembahkannya di atas makam Asano Takumi no Kami yang terletak di kuil Sengakuji. Kawanan 47 ronin lalu memberitahu sang majikan di alam sana bahwa pembalasan dendam telah berhasil.&lt;br /&gt;Salah seorang ronin yang bernama Terasaka Nobuyuki memisahkan diri dari kelompok, sehingga kawanan ronin menjadi hanya berjumlah 46 orang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah itu, Ōishi Kuranosuke menyerahkan diri dan pasrah atas semua hukuman yang bakal dijatuhkan pemerintah Bakufu. Pemerintah Bakufu menitipkan para ronin di rumah 4 orang daimyo.&lt;br /&gt;Dalam sekejap, para ronin yang berhasil membunuh Kira Kōzuke no Suke menjadi terkenal di kota Edo. Penduduk Edo memuji-muji kelompok ronin sebagai samurai yang setia (gishi) karena berhasil menuntaskan kewajiban sebagai bentuk kesetiaan terhadap sang majikan. Walaupun demikian, perbuatan para ronin membentuk kelompok tanpa seizin pemerintah Bakufu dan melaksanakan pembunuhan balas dendam merupakan kejahatan yang hukumannya adalah hukuman mati.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pemerintah shogun Tokugawa Tsuneyoshi selalu menekankan pentingnya arti kesetiaan di kalangan para perwira, sehingga nyawa para ronin perlu diampuni karena pembunuhan yang dilakukan adalah bentuk kesetiaan samurai terhadap majikan. Dari segi hukum, perbuatan para ronin tetap merupakan kejahatan yang pantas menerima hukuman mati. Mayoritas pendapat meminta pengampunan nyawa para ronin yang dianggap hanya menjalankan kewajiban sebagai pengikut setia sang majikan. Shogun Tsuneyoshi merasa kuatir akan pecahnya pemberontakan akibat pemberian perlakuan khusus terhadap para ronin dengan mengabaikan hukum yang ada. Para ronin akhirnya diperintahkan untuk mati secara terhormat dengan melakukan seppuku.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada tanggal 4 Februari 1703, 46 ronin dari Akō melakukan seppuku di halaman rumah kediaman para daimyo tempat mereka dititipkan.&lt;br /&gt;Kekecewaan meluas di kalangan rakyat akibat cara pemerintah menyelesaikan kasus ini. Di kalangan rakyat lalu beredar cerita Kanadehon Chūshingura (仮名手本忠臣蔵?) dalam bentuk kesenian Ningyō Jōruri (Bunraku). Cerita Kanadehon Chūshingura yang sekarang lebih dikenal sebagai Chūshingura (忠臣蔵? kumpulan cerita pengikut yang setia) sangat mengagungkan kesetiaan para ronin terhadap sang majikan.&lt;br /&gt;Penulis cerita menyamarkan nama-nama tokoh yang terlibat peristiwa Akō rōshi untuk menghindari sensor pemerintah Bakufu. Judul cerita Kanadehon Chūshingura juga mempunyai arti terselubung, kata "Kanadehon" sama artinya dengan angka 47. Kanadehon adalah buku berisi contoh untuk berlatih menulis aksara hiragana yang terdiri dari 47 aksara.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kelompok ronin dari Akō dimakamkan di kuil Sengakuji. Sampai saat ini, setiap tahunnya di kuil Sengakuji dilangsungkan Gishisai (upacara kesetiaan) pada tanggal 14 Desember untuk memperingati malam penyerbuan para ronin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;foto2 kuil Sengakuji; &lt;a href="http://www.jadkins.com/archives/sengakuji_temple_resting_place_of_the_47_ronin.html" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.jadkins.com/archives/seng..._47_ronin.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sumber: wikipedia, John Allyn - kisah 47 Ronin.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-7497785657070706234?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/7497785657070706234/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/47-ronin.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/7497785657070706234'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/7497785657070706234'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/47-ronin.html' title='47 Ronin'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-2465471082139960556</id><published>2008-12-22T04:33:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-22T04:36:26.935-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ryuha'/><title type='text'>Daftar Ryuha From "30th All Japan Traditional Martial Ways (Kobudo) Demonstrations"</title><content type='html'>Berikut ini daftar ryuha dalam "30th All Japan Traditional Martial Ways (Kobudo) Demonstrations" yang saya dapat dari forum kaskus.us.Semoga dengan posting ini kita bisa mengetahui ryuha-ryuha yang ada di jepang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1&lt;br /&gt;天真正伝香取神道流剣術&lt;br /&gt;Tenshinsyoden katorishinto-ryu kenjutsu (swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;千　葉&lt;br /&gt;Chiba&lt;br /&gt;2&lt;br /&gt;為我流派勝新流柔術&lt;br /&gt;Igaryuhakatsushin-ryu jujutsu (combat art)&lt;br /&gt;茨　城&lt;br /&gt;Ibaraki&lt;br /&gt;3&lt;br /&gt;二刀神影流鎖鎌術&lt;br /&gt;Nitoshinkage-ryu kusarigamajutsu　(sickle and chain art)&lt;br /&gt;高　知&lt;br /&gt;Kochi&lt;br /&gt;4&lt;br /&gt;大東流合気柔術　琢磨会&lt;br /&gt;Daito-ryu aikijujutsu takumakai (combat art)&lt;br /&gt;大　阪&lt;br /&gt;Osaka&lt;br /&gt;5&lt;br /&gt;卜傳流剣術&lt;br /&gt;Bokuden-ryu kenjutsu (swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;青　森&lt;br /&gt;Aomori&lt;br /&gt;6&lt;br /&gt;直心影流薙刀術&lt;br /&gt;Jikishinkage-ryu naginatajutsu (glaive art)&lt;br /&gt;奈　良&lt;br /&gt;Nara&lt;br /&gt;7&lt;br /&gt;柳生心眼流甲冑兵法&lt;br /&gt;Yagyushingan-ryu katchu heiho (combat art wearing armors)&lt;br /&gt;岩　手&lt;br /&gt;Iwate&lt;br /&gt;8&lt;br /&gt;兵法二天一流剣術&lt;br /&gt;Hyohoniten ichi-ryu kenjutsu (swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;福　岡&lt;br /&gt;Fukuoka&lt;br /&gt;9&lt;br /&gt;尾張貫流槍術&lt;br /&gt;Owarikan-ryu sojutsu (spearmanship)&lt;br /&gt;愛　知&lt;br /&gt;Aichi&lt;br /&gt;10&lt;br /&gt;天然理心流剣術&lt;br /&gt;Tennenrishin-ryu kenjutsu (swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;東　京&lt;br /&gt;Tokyo&lt;br /&gt;11&lt;br /&gt;荒木流拳法&lt;br /&gt;Araki-ryu kempo (combat art)&lt;br /&gt;群　馬&lt;br /&gt;Gunma&lt;br /&gt;12&lt;br /&gt;雲弘流剣術&lt;br /&gt;Unko-ryu kenjutsu (swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;熊　本&lt;br /&gt;Kumamoto&lt;br /&gt;13&lt;br /&gt;タイ捨流剣術&lt;br /&gt;Taisya-ryu kenjutsu (swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;熊　本&lt;br /&gt;Kumamoto&lt;br /&gt;14&lt;br /&gt;野田派二天一流剣術&lt;br /&gt;Noda-ha niten ichi-ryu kenjutsu (swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;熊　本&lt;br /&gt;Kumamoto&lt;br /&gt;15&lt;br /&gt;関口流抜刀術&lt;br /&gt;Sekiguchi-ryu iai (swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;熊　本&lt;br /&gt;Kumamoto&lt;br /&gt;16&lt;br /&gt;肥後古流長刀&lt;br /&gt;Higokoryu naginata (glaive art)&lt;br /&gt;熊　本&lt;br /&gt;Kumamoto&lt;br /&gt;17&lt;br /&gt;竹内流柔術　日下捕手開山&lt;br /&gt;Takenouchi-ryu jujutsu (Hinositatoritekaisan) (combat art)&lt;br /&gt;岡　山&lt;br /&gt;Okayama&lt;br /&gt;18&lt;br /&gt;伯耆流居合術&lt;br /&gt;Hoki-ryu iaijutsu　(swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;兵　庫&lt;br /&gt;Hyogo&lt;br /&gt;19&lt;br /&gt;竹生島流棒術&lt;br /&gt;Chikubushima-ryu bojutsu (stick art)&lt;br /&gt;長　崎&lt;br /&gt;Nagasaki&lt;br /&gt;20&lt;br /&gt;鞍馬流剣術&lt;br /&gt;Kurama-ryu kenjutsu (swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;東　京&lt;br /&gt;Tokyo&lt;br /&gt;21&lt;br /&gt;楊心流薙刀術&lt;br /&gt;Yoshin-ryu naginatajutsu (glaive art)&lt;br /&gt;広　島&lt;br /&gt;Hiroshima&lt;br /&gt;22&lt;br /&gt;示現流兵法剣術&lt;br /&gt;Jigen-ryu hyoho kenjutsu (swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;鹿児島&lt;br /&gt;Kagoshima&lt;br /&gt;23&lt;br /&gt;宝蔵院流高田派槍術&lt;br /&gt;Hozoin-ryu takadaha sojutsu (spearmanship)&lt;br /&gt;奈　良&lt;br /&gt;Nara&lt;br /&gt;24&lt;br /&gt;立身流兵法&lt;br /&gt;Tatsumi-ryu heiho (swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;千　葉&lt;br /&gt;Chiba&lt;br /&gt;25&lt;br /&gt;本體楊心流柔術&lt;br /&gt;Hontaiyoshin-ryu jujutsu　(combat art)&lt;br /&gt;兵　庫&lt;br /&gt;Hyogo&lt;br /&gt;26&lt;br /&gt;初實剣理方一流甲冑抜刀術&lt;br /&gt;Syojitsukenrikataichi-ryu Katchubattojutsu　(swordsmanship in armor)&lt;br /&gt;岡　山&lt;br /&gt;Okayama&lt;br /&gt;27&lt;br /&gt;四天流星野派柔術&lt;br /&gt;Shiten-ryu hoshinoha jujutsu　(combat art)&lt;br /&gt;熊　本&lt;br /&gt;Kumamoto&lt;br /&gt;28&lt;br /&gt;武田流騎射流鏑馬&lt;br /&gt;Takeda-ryu kisyayabusame　(Japanese horseback archery)&lt;br /&gt;熊　本&lt;br /&gt;Kumamoto&lt;br /&gt;29&lt;br /&gt;寺見流剣術&lt;br /&gt;Jigen-ryu kenjutsu (swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;熊　本&lt;br /&gt;Kumamoto&lt;br /&gt;30&lt;br /&gt;肥後新陰流剣術&lt;br /&gt;Higoshinkage-ryu kenjutsu　(swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;熊　本&lt;br /&gt;Kumamoto&lt;br /&gt;31&lt;br /&gt;天道流薙刀術&lt;br /&gt;Tendo-ryu naginatajutsu (glaive art)&lt;br /&gt;京　都&lt;br /&gt;Kyoto&lt;br /&gt;32&lt;br /&gt;神道夢想流杖術&lt;br /&gt;Shintomuso-ryu jojutsu (stick art)&lt;br /&gt;福　岡&lt;br /&gt;Fukuoka&lt;br /&gt;33&lt;br /&gt;柳生新陰流兵法剣術&lt;br /&gt;Yagyushinkage-ryu heiho kenjutsu　(swordsmanship)&lt;br /&gt;愛　知&lt;br /&gt;Aichi&lt;br /&gt;34&lt;br /&gt;琉球王家秘伝本部御殿手&lt;br /&gt;Ryukyuouke hiden Motobu udundhi (Okinawan ancient combat art)&lt;br /&gt;大　阪&lt;br /&gt;Osaka&lt;br /&gt;35&lt;br /&gt;森重流砲術&lt;br /&gt;Morishige-ryu hojutsu (shooting with matchlock guns)&lt;br /&gt;千　葉&lt;br /&gt;Chiba&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-2465471082139960556?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/2465471082139960556/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/daftar-ryuha-from-30th-all-japan.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/2465471082139960556'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/2465471082139960556'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/daftar-ryuha-from-30th-all-japan.html' title='Daftar Ryuha From &quot;30th All Japan Traditional Martial Ways (Kobudo) Demonstrations&quot;'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-4742835747036226406</id><published>2008-12-22T04:21:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-22T04:27:36.668-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nihonto'/><title type='text'>Menjaga kebersihan bilah pedang</title><content type='html'>- Siapkan kain pembersih sebanyak mungkin selama melakukan tameshigiri.&lt;br /&gt;- Setelah melakukan potongan terakhir, bilah langsung dibersihkan sebelum dimasukkan ke saya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Membuat minyak Choji:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Minyak Choji dan Camelia adalah minyak-minyak yg dipakai untuk mencegah karat pada Pedang Jepang (katana,shinken juga senjata2 tradisionil lainnya)&lt;br /&gt;Cuman kayaknya susah mendapatkannya di Indonesia.&lt;br /&gt;Saya sarankan untuk memakai Mineral Oil (Paraffin oil), selain sifatnya sama dengan minyak choji dan camelia, juga lebih murah. Cobalah mencari di toko2 pharmacy.&lt;br /&gt;kalau anda suka dengan aroma tradisional seperti bau minyak Choji..tinggal menambahkan beberapa tetes (pada minyak mineralnya) Minyak Cengkeh (Clove Oil).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Membersihkan Tsuka Ito&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah sering dipakai latihan, Tsuka Ito (terutama yang berwarna muda) agak menjadi kumal. Cara membersihkannya, sebagai berikut;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sediakan sabun cair yang netral (tidak memakai campuran kimia) dan sikat gigi. Campurkan sabun cair tersebut dengan air bersih sehingga tidak terlalu pekat.&lt;br /&gt;Sikat tsuka dengan sikat gigi secara lembut dan mengikuti alur tali, sehingga tidak terlalu membasahi &lt;b&gt;Same&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Setelah bersih, keringkan (minimal 24 jam).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah Tsuka katana anda kering rasakan apa Ito nya masi kaku, biasanya kalau Tsuka Ito yang terbuat dari katun (bukan Silk) akan menjadi lembek.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pakailah lem kayu (warnanya putih dan kemasannya seperti odol), cairkan dengan air, sehingga menjadi seperti susu. Jangan terlalu kental, dan jangan terlalu cair.Cairan tersebut masukkanlah kedalam alat suntik lalu suntikan ke Ito.Simpul akhir pada bagian Fuchi harus yang mendapatkan perhatian, karena simpul itu sering lepas (talinya jadi lembek, sehingga simpulnya kendor).Suntikkan simpul di bagian Fuchi itu secukupnya.&lt;br /&gt;Setelah kering (minimal 24 jam), Tsuka Ito anda akan menjadi kaku kembali.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-4742835747036226406?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/4742835747036226406/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/menjaga-kebersihan-bilah-pedang.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/4742835747036226406'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/4742835747036226406'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/menjaga-kebersihan-bilah-pedang.html' title='Menjaga kebersihan bilah pedang'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-5301802850796415311</id><published>2008-12-22T04:18:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-22T04:19:13.614-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tameshigiri'/><title type='text'>[Referensi] Extreme Aratameshi</title><content type='html'>In the Bakumatsu period, the practice of Aratameshi was developed.&lt;br /&gt;The obvious difference between Aratameshi and Tameshigiri is that&lt;br /&gt;cadavers were not used in this new form of sword testing. Dr.&lt;br /&gt;Fukunaga Suiken often mentioned the details of Aratameshi in many&lt;br /&gt;of the books he wrote. The following is a paraphrased version of one&lt;br /&gt;of his accounts.&lt;br /&gt;Rekko, the Lord of Mito, learned to make swords. He enjoyed the&lt;br /&gt;craft and took pleasure in testing swords. The first testing method he&lt;br /&gt;developed involved the use of a hardwood staff. The cutting edge,&lt;br /&gt;sides and back of the sword being tested were stuck with the staff to&lt;br /&gt;surmise the strength of the blade. The hardwood staff was 6 cm in&lt;br /&gt;diameter, 181 cm long and made of oak. The second method of&lt;br /&gt;sword testing was to use the blade to cut bamboo that was wrapped&lt;br /&gt;in straw. This combination of materials simulated flesh and bone.&lt;br /&gt;The third method was to cut deer antlers. It is difficult to maintain a&lt;br /&gt;balanced ha-niku that is suitable for cutting both straw wrapped&lt;br /&gt;bamboo and deer antlers. Because one material is soft and the other&lt;br /&gt;is hard, the niku requirements are different. The final method utilized&lt;br /&gt;water for testing. A large tub was filled with water and then the sides&lt;br /&gt;of the blade being tested were stuck against the water surface flatly.&lt;br /&gt;This was done to reveal how well the blade could handle a severe&lt;br /&gt;impact. A blade could break during this test if it was not well made.&lt;br /&gt;The above was the basic form of Aratameshi. In the Edo period,&lt;br /&gt;Tameshigiri was not like this. Not only are the objects being cut quite&lt;br /&gt;different but also the purpose of the test. Tameshigiri tests the&lt;br /&gt;cutting ability and durability of a blade on flesh and bone exclusively.&lt;br /&gt;It is designed around a strict set of parameters based on movements&lt;br /&gt;practiced by trained swordsmen of a given Ryu. The skill of the&lt;br /&gt;swordsman is also being tested. In Aratameshi the only object used&lt;br /&gt;to simulate the body of a human is the straw wrapped bamboo part&lt;br /&gt;of the test. Otherwise the focus of Aratameshi is on the durability of&lt;br /&gt;the blade.&lt;br /&gt;There was another form of Aratameshi that took this idea one step&lt;br /&gt;further and is the focus of this essay. There is no special Japanese&lt;br /&gt;term for it but "Extreme Aratameshi" is an appropriate label. In&lt;br /&gt;Extreme Aratameshi the idea was to find out how much abuse a&lt;br /&gt;blade could withstand before it broke. No blade could survive this&lt;br /&gt;test. The test is not over until the blade being tested is completely&lt;br /&gt;broken. It is meant to account for all the variables and unpredictable&lt;br /&gt;strain that could be introduced to a blade by unconventional warfare&lt;br /&gt;tactics. Before the Bakumatsu period, the target of a blade and the&lt;br /&gt;way it would be used was easily predicted. A rigid set of rules&lt;br /&gt;dictated how to draw the blade, how to cut with the blade, where to&lt;br /&gt;cut with the blade, what form should be used, etc... Therefore,&lt;br /&gt;Tameshigiri was quite suitable to test a blade in those times. The&lt;br /&gt;development of Aratameshi and Extreme Aratameshi came about&lt;br /&gt;from the threat of strange and unfamiliar outsiders preceded by a&lt;br /&gt;long period of complacent peace. It can be viewed as a reaction to&lt;br /&gt;the panic instilled by the Black Ship. The weapons and warfare&lt;br /&gt;methods of the barbarians would certianly be unlike any encountered&lt;br /&gt;before. In this context, some may look to find confidence in their&lt;br /&gt;warrior's spirit, the sword. Perhaps the goal of Extreme Aratameshi&lt;br /&gt;was to prove beyond doubt to all that a fine blade could take all the&lt;br /&gt;abuse presented to it and was not only a tool but the ultimate&lt;br /&gt;weapon to be depended on to repel any outsider and protect the&lt;br /&gt;nation.&lt;br /&gt;The following is an actual account of Extreme Aratameshi. This was&lt;br /&gt;documented by Takano Kurumanosuke in the mid ninetieth century.&lt;br /&gt;This testing took place in the home of Kaneko Chubei, a Matsushirohan&lt;br /&gt;retainer of Shinano on March 24th, 1853. Twelve blades were&lt;br /&gt;subjected to Aratameshi testing that day. These included 2 katana&lt;br /&gt;and 3 Naginata by the famous smith, Taikei Naotane, a shinshinto&lt;br /&gt;katana by Tatara Hiroichi , a shinshinto katana by Asahi Kiichi, a koto&lt;br /&gt;nagamaki, an Oshu mono koto katana, an Osaka shinto katana, a&lt;br /&gt;shinshinto Naonaga katana and finally a katana by Yamaura Masao,&lt;br /&gt;the older brother of Kiyomaro.&lt;br /&gt;The testing commenced with Tsuge Kahee, a naginata teacher,&lt;br /&gt;wielding an ara nie deki katana by Taikei Naotane made in 1835.&lt;br /&gt;Two bamboo sticks were wrapped together and used as the testing&lt;br /&gt;object. The circumference of each bamboo stick was about 15 cm&lt;br /&gt;each. When the blade struck the target, it penetrated about 80%.&lt;br /&gt;This was not a complete cut. Then, a retainer named Saitomasuki&lt;br /&gt;tested this katana on a piece of metal that was 0.24 cm thick and 9.0&lt;br /&gt;cm wide. The blade broke in two at the area close to the hamachi.&lt;br /&gt;The broken edges looked similar to that of an icicle, very brittle. This&lt;br /&gt;katana had been considered well made.&lt;br /&gt;The second blade tested was also a katana by Naotane. This blade&lt;br /&gt;had a nioi-deki hamon. It should not break as easily as the first one.&lt;br /&gt;After several cuts by Tsuge Kahee on straw wrapped bamboo sticks,&lt;br /&gt;a ha-giri developed and the blade was bent. Five other people also&lt;br /&gt;tested the katana but none of them could make a complete cut on&lt;br /&gt;the straw wrapped bamboo targets. Takano Kurumanosuke then took&lt;br /&gt;over the testing and used the katana to cut a helmet filled with iron&lt;br /&gt;sand. Another bend developed upon the first cut. Two more cuts&lt;br /&gt;introduced another ha-giri. Deer antlers were used as the next target&lt;br /&gt;and three cuts were performed. A piece of forged iron was also used&lt;br /&gt;for two cuts. This cutting of hard objects produced many ha-giri.&lt;br /&gt;After that, Kanekochubee cut a kabuto with it and a severe bend was&lt;br /&gt;introduced. He then used the blade to hit an anvil on the mune and&lt;br /&gt;on the sides several times and the blade broke.&lt;br /&gt;The 3rd, 4th and 5th blades tested were all nagamaki made by&lt;br /&gt;Naotane. They were all bent and ha-giri developed after several cuts.&lt;br /&gt;The ha-giri on the 5th nagamaki had a big opening rendering the&lt;br /&gt;blade useless.&lt;br /&gt;The 6th blade tested that day was a katana by Tatara Hiroichi, a&lt;br /&gt;contemporary smith. It was used to cut a piece of forged metal and&lt;br /&gt;the blade was broken.&lt;br /&gt;The 7th blade was also a Shinshinto by a smith named Asahi Kiichi. It&lt;br /&gt;broke when cutting a kabuto.&lt;br /&gt;The 8th blade was a koto nagamaki and the 9th one was an Oshu&lt;br /&gt;mono koto katana. They were only tested on straw wrapped bamboo&lt;br /&gt;and performed well.&lt;br /&gt;Blade number 10 was an Osaka Shinto katana. It was used to cut a&lt;br /&gt;tsuba made of shibuichi. The blade broke in two at the monouchi&lt;br /&gt;section upon impact.&lt;br /&gt;The 11th blade was a katana by Naonaga, a student of Naotane's. A&lt;br /&gt;ha-giri developed after three cuts on the body section of a suite of&lt;br /&gt;armor.&lt;br /&gt;A katana by Yamamura Masao was also tested that day. The nagasa&lt;br /&gt;was a 65.15 cm. Like the Naotane above, it had ara nie in the&lt;br /&gt;hamon. The Masao blade was used to cut wrapped straw eleven&lt;br /&gt;times and each cut went about 80 - 90% through the target.&lt;br /&gt;Secondly, bamboo staffs were used for six cuts. Each cut penetrated&lt;br /&gt;70 - 80% through the target. Thirdly, an old piece of iron that was&lt;br /&gt;0.303 cm thick and 2.12 cm wide was used as cutting object. The&lt;br /&gt;piece of old iron was cut in two pieces upon a single stroke of the&lt;br /&gt;sword. However, ha-giri may have developed. In the fourth step,&lt;br /&gt;deer antlers were used for six cuts. The fifth test conducted was to&lt;br /&gt;cut straw wrapped bamboo twice and the cuts went in about 60%.&lt;br /&gt;Then 2 cuts each were executed on a helmet filled of iron sand, iron&lt;br /&gt;armor, and a shibuichi tsuba. For the 9th and 10th test, a piece of&lt;br /&gt;forged iron and a kabuto were cut once each. Following that, an iron&lt;br /&gt;bar was used to hit the mune seven times and a mune-giri&lt;br /&gt;developed. In the 12th and final test, the same iron bar was used to&lt;br /&gt;strike each side six times and the mune was used to hit an anvil&lt;br /&gt;thirteen times. The ha-giri became bigger upon the last test. The side&lt;br /&gt;of the blade was then used to hit the anvil three times and the blade&lt;br /&gt;finally broke in two.&lt;br /&gt;This demonstration showed how well Yamaura Masao's blade&lt;br /&gt;withstood the harsh tests, or should we say abuse, of Extreme&lt;br /&gt;Aratameshi performed on that spring day of 1853.&lt;br /&gt;Reference:&lt;br /&gt;Kubikiri Asaemon Token Oshigata, Fukunaga Suiken, 1970&lt;br /&gt;"�� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� " by Takano Kurumanosuke, Reference Book&lt;br /&gt;Section, Japanese National Library of Congress&lt;br /&gt;NBTHK Journal #263, #579, #580, &amp;amp; #581.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From : Zeth (kaskus.us)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-5301802850796415311?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/5301802850796415311/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/referensi-extreme-aratameshi.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/5301802850796415311'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/5301802850796415311'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/referensi-extreme-aratameshi.html' title='[Referensi] Extreme Aratameshi'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-2688783998985455365</id><published>2008-12-22T04:16:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-22T04:17:23.489-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tameshigiri'/><title type='text'>Thoughts on Iaido</title><content type='html'>by Nakamura Taizaburo with Guy H. Power &amp;amp; Takako Funaya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is a translation of an article appearing in the 25 March 1988 issue of Nippon Budo Monthly.   (1)  -  indicates footnotes.&lt;br /&gt;________________________________________&lt;br /&gt;I am not surprised that iaido has become remarkably spread and developed after World War II. Until the end of World War Two Japan's national identity was expressed through the Three Sacred Treasures--the mirror, the jewel, and the sword. The sword represents the spirit of the warrior to we Japanese; therefore, it is only natural to me that today there is an upsurge in the spirit of the Japanese Sword. This new popularity tells me that iaido has naturally spread among the Japanese. Before the war, not many people studied iaido even though they may have owned numerous swords. Those people had only owned swords simply because they were entitled to do so. In fact, kendo practicioners would say, "Studying iaido will prevent you from improving in kendo.' This attitude is attributed to the fact that iaido is composed mainly of kneeling techniques. In this sense, iaido has no relation to kendo, which contributed to iaido's not having been spread as widely as kendo in those days.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Until the end of the war sword techniques and forms were prohibited from being shown even to the parents and brothers of a practicioner; this way, the techniques could be transmitted only to the direct students of certain styles. However, one style made exception to this policy--Jigen Ryu. The techniques of this style were instructed to anybody within the Satsuma Clan of southern Japan. In most styles, techniques were transmitted only to those who were inducted into a dojo. It is typical that documentation regarding the densho (transmitted writings from generation to generation) of those schools did not include any exact methods of showing detailed descriptions in order to keep techniques secret.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For instance, the Omori Ryu's densho reads very much like the table of contents in a book. Only the names of techniques are mentioned, such as "front", "left, "right", "rear", "multi-layered hedges", etc. The one from Eishin Ryu uses such names as "side cloud", "first step of the tiger", "lightning", "floating cloud", etc. The techniques these terms describe are impossible to understand unless explained by the practicioners of these styles, although nowadays techniques and forms are fully explained by text and photographs in books circulated on the market. The other day I had the opportunity to talk with a certain martial arts expert. He stated that even in today's society, "...the prearranged forms of budo technique should not be revealed to others, but kept only to yourself for your discipline." He still carries through with his convictions. I was so impressed, thinking of the disparity between the present day and the olden times.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the war I had the distinct honor on three occasions to meet sensei Nakayama Hakudo(1). He was from Ishikawa prefecture and told me that in the year of Taisho five (1917), he traveled to Tosa in Kochi prefecture to ask the Muso Jikiden Eishin Ryu headmaster for permission to receive instruction, only to be refused entry simply because "he is from other prefectures."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, later in his life they decided to initiate him into the teaching, allowing him to present a petition on the condition that he not teach what he learned. The situation surrounding the transmission of teachings was like this even during the Taisho period (1912-1925). In short, without trying to find fault with old techniques, the predecessors of the old tradition of sword techniques (koryu toho) should preserve the techniques as nontangible cultural assets. The successors are, in my opinion, responsible for passing the tradition of techniques to the next generation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Given such situations, once in a while I see strange, "fishy" forms and techniques of some styles during martial arts demonstrations and tournaments, causing me to call their effectiveness into question.(2) Before the Pacific war, around the time of the Manchu Incident (1931) which brought Japan into the China war, sensei Takayama Masayoshi, a Japanese Imperial Navy kenjutsu master-teacher, maintained that one cannot kill people with a sword using only kendo training. He withdrew from the Butokukai(3) to go to China where he experienced actual battlefield sword techniques.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After his return to Japan he codified these techniques, named the style Jissen Budo Takayama Ryu Batto Jutsu, and taught it at the Imperial Naval Academy; eventually he had the chance to teach Prince Takamatsu-no-Miya. Because of his sword testing in China(4) Takayama sensei was later classified as a war criminal and was sentenced to twenty five years confinement in the mountains of Oita prefecture. Later I was able to exchange ideas with Takayama sensei which was significant in my establishing Nakamura Ryu Happo Giri.(5) In relation to this exchange, three parties of the Butokukai belonging to the Army and Navy created logical(6) systems of standing sword techniques based on their battlefield experiences and extant old-school sword techniques.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although the three fencing instructors could not bring their systems into uniformity in terms of prearranged forms, they taught their combat effective standing techniques until the end of the war. However, after the war they reverted to old-school sword techniques, belittling the teaching called "Shu Ha Ri".(7) I cannot help but to feel regrettful for the iaido prearranged forms training of the old-schools. Needless to say, I am under the impression that these old-school sword techniques seek development in artistic aspects. In my view, there are distinct differences between kendo and iaido, regardless of whatever logical argument each may make, including the theory expressed in the maxim "Kendo-Iaido, One Body". Marking the new Heisei dynasty (1989), and in celebration of my "Kijyu" (77th birthday), I decided to consolidate my long harbored views about Japanese sword techniques into the following 20 sections. I am afraid that the article might include some overlapping ideas and sentences due to my shallow knowledge; however, I ask the reader to allow me to be bold enough to present my observations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. I suppose it cannot be helped that the "art" theory has become popular these days, merging together with kendo. The martial ways are different from sports in that they involve situations where a clear distinction is made between life and death. Comparitively speaking, hasn't iaido become an "artistic" sport?&lt;br /&gt;2. The similarity alluded to in the maxim "Kendo-Iaido, One Body" is theoretical. Technically speaking, sport kendo and the kneeling techniques of iaido must be considered as separate entities. I do not think there are any matching techniques between the two.&lt;br /&gt;3. Iai is sword-technique art, and is said to be sword dancing. Because people outside Japan do not sit on their knees, it is physically difficult for non Japanese to study iai.&lt;br /&gt;4. There is no possible reason for sitting erect on the knees while wearing a long sword, although it is correct to wear the short sword thus. When entering any building it was always proper to remove the long sword from the wearer's sash while at the foyer. Drawing the long sword while in the formal kneeling position is wrong in terms of etiquette and sword technique.&lt;br /&gt;5. "Shohatto"(8) employs a movement from the formal kneeling position in which the practicioner steps forward in one move by completely raising the right foot, in a stomping manner, while simultaneously making a horizontal cut to the front; the left knee maintains contact with the ground. Because of having only one point of balance, and due to the strong force generated in actually cutting through an object, the practicioner can lose balance and fall down. Instead, the practicioner should glide forward by sliding the foot close to the ground.&lt;br /&gt;6. When stepping forward while unsheathing the sword from the kneeling position, your stride is automatically two steps--this is technically not desirable. More than one step is unnecessary.&lt;br /&gt;7. Omori Ryu has ten kneeling forms and only one standing form. Within these forms, all have downward vertical cuts; however, none employ a right or left diagonal cut. For this reason, I think this style lacks research on its techniques.&lt;br /&gt;8. Omori Ryu has a technique in which you pivot your body to the left from the kneeling position while making a horizontal cut. I am doubtful as to the effectiveness of this technique; however, shifting the body to the rear or right is fine.(9)&lt;br /&gt;9. In 1951 I performed Omori Ryu forms within the earthern entranceway of the country house of a well known Omori Ryu teacher. Since this was on the bare earth I decided to adapt the kneeling techniques to standing techniques so as not to dirty my clothes. After finishing, the teacher looked extremely disturbed and said, "that is not Omori Ryu!" These types of people are inflexible, obsessively sticking to the old ways. As such, they are incapable of thinking of practical applications for their techniques.&lt;br /&gt;10. Modern iaido incorporates breathing methods into its techniques; such as, "in front of your enemy take two breaths, on the third, hold your breath". I wonder from what style this descends--this sword method really makes me call modern iaido into question.&lt;br /&gt;11. One old-school rendition of the technique called "nukiuchi" calls for the blade to be silently and slowly drawn until only about three inches remain in the scabbard.(10) The practicioner then quickly slashs away in one motion to strike the target. I believe this is an "artistic" sword technique.&lt;br /&gt;12. Attacking with the pommel of the sword's handle is illogical; manipulating an enemy with the tsuka (handle) is nothing but a contrived artifice.&lt;br /&gt;13. In the old-school styles there are no withdrawing techniques after a thrust has been executed. Hikinuki, the disengagement of the sword after the thrust, is technically the Zanshin(11) regardless of whether it is in spear techniques or bayonet fighting.&lt;br /&gt;14. There are techniques in which the palm of the left hand is placed along the back ridge of the blade. These are ineffective and are a waste of time.(12)&lt;br /&gt;15. The sword's angle of attack and arc path are not discussed in the old-school styles. Based on my own test cutting experience, I feel that these are important in swordsmanship and must be studied.&lt;br /&gt;16. Regardless of which art you are involved in, be it iaido or kendo, unless you experience cutting with a real sword, you will never begin to taste true sword technique.&lt;br /&gt;17. In Japan iaido has been refered to as "iai-nuki". I dislike this usage since it was a term used among street performers after wearing the sword was abolished. It gives a bad connotation to iaido.&lt;br /&gt;18. Most old-school styles do not know how to bring a sword cut to a halt without the blade wavering or trembling. The stopping action should be executed precisely and crisply.&lt;br /&gt;19. In terms of sword techniques, uke-nagashi (to parry and deflect an overhead blow) is acceptable; however, uke-tome (block and stop) is fatal.&lt;br /&gt;20. The correct name for iai-do is "batto-do". In the Muromachi period (1392-1572) the term "batto-jutsu" was used; it was only from the middle of the Edo period (1730s) that "iai-jutsu" began to be used. The correct naming of iaido is a separate issue to be addressed; I earnestly desire the adoption of either "iai batto-do" or "batto-do" as the official name.&lt;br /&gt;In response to the above musings and from my research in test cutting over the years, I developed a logical system of sword techniques in 1952 which I call "Nakamura Ryu Battodo". The genesis of my system is based on a hint I received from the basics of calligraphy called "eiji happo"---the eight rules for writing the Chinese character "eternal".(13) My teaching is composed of the "Eight Fighting Postures", the "Eight Methods of Cutting", the "Eight Methods of Resheathing", and contains eight forms. This is a logical system based on my in-depth analysis of various swordsmanship forms, as well as research I conducted in actual test cutting; neither are enough, alone, to create combat effective techniques. I expect that I will receive criticism in my above reflections from iaido and kendo lovers, as well as from seniors, masters, and headmasters.&lt;br /&gt;"The Japanese sword is the spirit of Japan. The Life-giving Sword trains and polishes Self; the road to cultivating yourself and self-discipline."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ABOUT THE AUTHOR.&lt;br /&gt;Nakamura Taizaburo, now 83, was born in 1912 in Yamagata prefecture. He began his study of kendo at the age of 15; when he joined the Imperial Army in 1932 he was already 3rd dan in both kendo and judo. After teaching kendo to the officers and noncommissioned officers of his regiment, Nakamura sensei was assigned to a boy's military academy as a fencing instructor; during this time he also studied Omori Ryu iaido. Later, Nakamura sensei was selected to attend the Army Toyama Academy where he became an instructor of actual-combat swordsmanship, bayonet, and knife fighting. He was dispatched to Manchuria as a "special fencing teacher" and instructed members of the select Yamashita Special Attack Force. During the final days of the war he further conducted research in test cutting by attempting to cut through the necks of five bulls, which were then butchered and fed to the regiment. Nakamura Sensei was the driving force in renovating the Hayashizaki Shrine, the only shrine in Japan dedicated to iai-battodo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He also kept alive the tradition of the Toyama Academy by founding the All Japan Toyama Ryu Iaido Federation. Since that time he has been the Senior Master of Toyama Ryu. In 1952 he founded the Nakamura Ryu and has been involved in swordsmanship until this day. Nakamura Sensei resides in Tsurumi, Yokohama where he presides over the International Iai-Battodo Federation and teaches battodo for the Kaku Sei Kai. His titles and degrees are as follows:&lt;br /&gt;Soke (Headmaster): Nakamura Ryu Batto-do (Happo-giri). So-Shihan (Senior Master): All Japan Toyama Ryu Federation. Battodo: Hanshi10th dan (International Martial Arts Federation). Kendo: Hanshi 8th dan (IMAF). Kendo: Kyoshi 7th dan (All Japan Kendo Federation). Jukendo (bayonet): Hanshi 8th dan (All Japan Jukendo Federation). Tankendo (short sword): hanshi 8th dan (AJJF). Kyudo (archery): 4th dan (All Japan Kyudo Federation). Judo: 3rd dan (the pre-war Judo Association). Calligraphy: Hanshi. President: International Iai-Battodo Federation. Senior Advisor: All Japan Battodo Federation. Senior Authority: Butokukai (Battodo section).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTOR.&lt;br /&gt;Guy H. Power, renshi sixth dan, has studied Toyama Ryu battodo since 1983. From 1990 to1994 he was stationed in Japan where he studied both Toyama Ryu and Nakamura Ryu iai-battodo under Nakamura Sensei; he also studied Muso Jikiden Eishin Ryu iai-do for two years during his stay in Japan. Mr. Power was named by the International Iai-Battodo Federation as their official representative for the United States and awarded him their kanban (a traditional teaching license printed on a wooden board) authorizing him to teach both ryu, calligraphed by Nakamura sensei. He is believed to be the only non-Japanese to receive a martial art kanban.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ABOUT THE TRANSLATOR.&lt;br /&gt;Takako Funaya received her Master of Arts degree in Translation from the Monterey Institute of Inter- national Studies in California. She is currently an in-house translator for Fuji-Xerox, Japan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;FOOTNOTES:&lt;br /&gt;1. Nakayama Hakudo (1869-1958). 16th headmaster of Muso Jikiden Eishin Ryu (Shimomura branch); founder of Muso Shinden Ryu; kendo, iaido, and jodo master; fencing master to the Emperor's Guard until the end of WWII. He is conceiveably the most famous sword master of the twentieth century.&lt;br /&gt;2. Many of the forms have been taught in a vacuum and have lost their original meaning, or have been subjected to unintentional reinterpretation, others have been contrived during the luxury of civil peace without the benefit of combat experience; consequently, the original technique has become ineffective, but taught as viable.&lt;br /&gt;3. The Dai Nippon Butokukai (Greater Japan Martial Virtues Association) has been the premier governing body of selected martial arts since 1895. Its headquarters, the Butokuden in Kyoto, is still used today as a martial arts training hall.&lt;br /&gt;4. After the war Takayama Masayoshi was classified as a Class B war criminal for killing 10 Chinese prisoners of war with his sword. His style's name is translated as "Actual Combat Martial Ways, Takayama's Style of Sword Drawing Techniques."&lt;br /&gt;5. Nakamura Style, Eight Direction Cut.&lt;br /&gt;6. The Japanese word for logic means a scientific investigation of governing principles which leads to a correct or reliable conclusion. In the English vernacular we use "logic" to mean a 'reasonable expectationÕ.&lt;br /&gt;7. "Shu Ha Ri". Observe (the old without straying), Break (strict observation and adapt different teachings), Leave (advancing beyond both former stages).&lt;br /&gt;8. "Shohatto" (First Presentation of the Sword) is the basic sword technique common to most old-schools. As taught and practiced, the blade would strike the target while the right foot is still high in the air. This results in only the left knee remaining in contact with the ground at the time of impact.&lt;br /&gt;9. Although capable enough of inflicting a wound, not enough force is generated during a left pivot to succesfully cut through a target.&lt;br /&gt;10. The author feels this method is ineffective because not enough force is generated from a slow draw to allow a proper cut.&lt;br /&gt;11. Zanshin (remaining spirit) is the final stage of an omnidirectional all-encompassing alertness. It is cultivated from intensive training and is displayed in a combative engagement stance, usually the finale of a form.&lt;br /&gt;12. And dangerous. A case in point is that of Lieutenant Colonel Aizawa who cut his fingers employing this type of technique. Aizawa once had been a kenjutsu teacher at the former Army Toyama Academy and was an expert in kendo and bayonet fencing. In 1935, using his western model service saber, he assassinated the head of the Military Affairs Bureau, Major General Nagata (this action preceeded the February 26 Revolt of1936). After failing to kill the general with three cuts, Aizawa placed his left palm on the back of his sword at the mid point, assumed a bayonet fencing "half-right stance" and thrust strongly with his right hand, skewering the general completely through from back to front. This technique is very similar to the All Japan Iaido Federation's fifth form called "kissaki kaeshi" and Muso Jikiden Eishin Ryu's "Iwanami". Aizawa cut all four fingers of his left hand to the bone. He later stated, "As a Toyama Academy fencing instructor, I was disappointed and embarassed that I was unable to cleave the general in two with one stroke."&lt;br /&gt;13. Eiji Happo, "the eight rules for writing the Chinese ideograph Ei (eternal)". The foundation of calligraphy, the "eight rules" specify how to draw the dot and the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal strokes; therefore, in being able to write one basic ideograph, the calligrapher can write tens of thousands of ideographs. These eight calligraphic strokes approximate "Happo Giri", the Eight Directional Cuts: thrust, left and right horizontal, vertical, left and right downward diagonal, and left and right upward diagonal cuts. All other cuts are but variations of these primary techniques. In assiduously practicing Happo Giri, the swordsman can truly become a master.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From : Zeth (kaskus.us)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-2688783998985455365?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/2688783998985455365/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/thoughts-on-iaido.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/2688783998985455365'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/2688783998985455365'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/thoughts-on-iaido.html' title='Thoughts on Iaido'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-812182099505472185</id><published>2008-12-22T04:15:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-22T04:16:00.932-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tameshigiri'/><title type='text'>Suitable Swords for Iai and Test-Cutting</title><content type='html'>by Nakamura Taizaburo&lt;br /&gt;Batto Do Hanshi, 10th Dan  (Translated by Guy H. Power.)&lt;br /&gt;________________________________________&lt;br /&gt;Keep in mind that there really is no standard size as swords should be tailored to the individual's body and personal likes. As a general rule-of-thumb, the correct sword length can be measured when standing naturally erect while grasping the sword's handle just below the tsuba, the hand held comfortably along the side of the leg. Allowing the sword to rest point down, the tip should barely touch ground a few inches in front of the foot.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a. Monouchi width about 2.5 cm (1")&lt;br /&gt;b. Base width     about 3 cm (1-1/4")&lt;br /&gt;c. Tang length    about 21 cm (8-1/4")&lt;br /&gt;d. Sori depth     about 1.5 cm (5/8")&lt;br /&gt;e. Monouchi      (striking area)&lt;br /&gt;f. Hamon depth    about 1/3-1/4 of the blade's width&lt;br /&gt;g. Handle length  about 24 cm (9-1/2").&lt;br /&gt;h. Blade length   about 67-71 cm (26-1/2"-28")&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proper Grip (TE-NO-UCHI). Regardless of one's hand size, the tsuka (handle) should be only long enough to accommodate a two-finger gap between the trailing edge of the right hand and the leading edge of the left hand (Fig. 2). It is acceptable for just a bit of the kashira (pommel) to extend from the left fist; however, one should refrain from employing a "baseball bat grip." The fist-to-fist baseball bat type of grip reduces both the amount of positive control to the blade, and power in executing the cut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Additional care should be emphasized in placing the palms along the top of the handle's ridge line which strengthens the grip and also increases the strength of the cut. If the palms are placed along the flat of the handle, only the thumb knuckles overlap the handle ridge; this is a very weak grip and must be avoided. The sword can easily be dislodged from the practitioner while attempting to cut through a target if this incorrect grip is used. The knuckles can also be injured from impact stress, as well as by the force generated by a solid object (sword) traveling through the air. The muscles in the hand will work harder and tire more easily; the practitioner may lose control of the blade, or even send the sword sailing across the dojo.&lt;br /&gt;Charin Shibori (wringing grip). While grasping the handle, exert a slight twisting action, as if to wring excess water from a dish rag. Both hands should twist inward; the right hand in a counterclockwise direction, the left hand clockwise (Fig. 3).&lt;br /&gt;Length. Sword blades transition to 2 shaku 3 sun (about 70 centimeters) because the Tokugawa government Circa1600-1867 standardized the measurement. There are examples of swords being 2 shaku, and 2 shaku 5 sun; however, these were instances where a person's body height was extremely different from the average of the day. Also, the former Imperial Army and Navy military swords were standardized at 2 shaku 2 sun (about 67 centimeters).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Swords used in modern iaido range from 2 shaku 3 sun to 2 shaku 5 sun (about 70 cm. to 76 cm.) in length. Anything longer than that would be for an exceptionally large person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Using a sword longer than 2 shaku 5 sun for tameshigiri (test-cutting) is inadvisable because the body of the blade may be a bit weak due to the excessive length of the blade. The blade may bend or break when combined with the physical shock of striking an immovable object, incorrect blade angle, and an incorrect striking angle. The longer a blade is, the more likely it is to be weak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I had the considerable opportunity to meet the great master Nakayama Hakudo (Hiromichi) sensei and was able to hear his insight about the length of a sword. Nakayama sensei said that subtracting 3 shaku (90 cm) from one's own height was a good rule-of-thumb; the resulting difference would be a good sword length. From my height of 5 shaku 4 sun (164 cm), I subtracted 3 shaku. Therefore, a good length for my sword would be 2 shaku 4 sun (73 cm).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, this length would only be good for practicing iai kata in empty space; it is just a bit too long for test cutting. After World War Two I was presented with a koto sword which was 2 shaku 4 sun 5 bu (74 cm) in length and 1 used it for about five years. But once while test-cutting, my grip was not on the mark and I ended up bending the sword beyond repair. The standard blade length for modern test-cutting is 2 shaku 3 sun 5 bu (71 cm); I recommend that students do not use swords exceeding this length.&lt;br /&gt;Weight. A regular sword which is good to use will weigh from 1.1 kilograms up to 1.3 kg, including the handle and tsuba. If the sword is any heavier, the practitioner will have to use physical strength. It may appear all right while practicing iaido forms, but when cutting forcefully downward or executing chiburi (blood removal), the blade will often shake uncontrollably when brought to a halt. The root cause of many bad habits in swordsmanship is that the sword is too heavy. It is essential to use caution with a heavy sword.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sori (curvature). &lt;br /&gt;The sori is measured at the deepest portion between the imaginary "length" line and the back of the blade. A sori of 5 bu (1.5 cm) is adequate for a sword of 2 shaku 3 sun (70 cm). Anything deeper or shallower is unsatisfactory for high class swordsmanship.&lt;br /&gt;Mihaba (blade width). The ideal blade width will be approximately 1 sun (3 cm) at the tsuba-moto [base of the hand guard), and about 8 bu (1.4 cm) at the monouchi ("sweet spot," about 1/3 of the blade measured from the point). The balance of a sword with these measurements will be good. As with the sori, anything deeper or shallower will be unsatisfactory for high class swordsmanship.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nagako length. &lt;br /&gt;The length of the nakago (tang) affects the balance of the sword; this becomes very important for the principles of high class swordsmanship.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generally speaking, koto and shinto swords will have a nakago of approximately 5 sun (15 cm). The standard handle length is 8 sun (24 cm). If the nakago is too short, when cutting through material, it can break where the butt of nakago meets the handle (fig. 4). If the handle is 8 sun the nakago should be 7 sun. If you have a long nakago, the balance point of the sword will be at the handle. Moreover, in the opposite case, if the blade-weight is light, a short nakago will improve the balance of the sword.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the case of a heavy blade having a short nakago, the balance can be corrected by placing lead inside the handle cavity near the pommel. The blade will feel lighter because the center of gravity was shifted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some swords of the 1933-1945 period will have a short nakago because they were designed to be used with one hand so that a pistol could be used in the other. A sword with a short nakago should not be used for test-cutting; however if this is all you have, then please do so with the following advice.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the nakago is short (about 15 cm long) a baseball bat grip should be used when test-cutting to provide additional support to the cut (Fig. 4). Only in this instance should the practitioner choke up on the handle, allowing an unsightly amount of tsuka to extend past the left hand.&lt;br /&gt;If a baseball bat grip is not utilized in this instance (e.g., if the "proper" grip is applied), the torque created by the wringing action, and the impact shock stress generated by cutting will lead to structural degradation of the handle where the nakago ends, and it will break [I have done this while practicing kata with an older Showa era sword that had the original handle. On this note, if you are using a sword with a handle over twenty years old, have the handle replaced.)&lt;br /&gt;Hamon depth A hamon (temper line) depth of one-third to one-fourth of the blade width is adequate. When the hamon is gaudily too deep, the blade is generally brittle and will chip easily; also, the blade will break easily. Worse yet, when the blade is hard, its kireaji (ability to cut well) will not be very favorable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mekugi. &lt;br /&gt;Swordsmanship is one martial art in which safety is of paramount importance. Always check the mekugi prior to practice, even if you are alone. Replace any mekugi that is thin, broken, or appears weak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Failure to do a safety check can lead to disaster. A high school student was killed in Japan while he observed an iaido demonstration. The performer's blade was thrown from its handle into the audience because the mekugi had slipped from its housing. This terrible accident could have been prevented if the performer had checked his handle prior to the demonstration.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ideally, the primary mekugi should be made of bamboo. Bamboo is the preferred material because it is flexible; even if it breaks, the fibers are resilient enough to prevent the blade from being propelled across the room. The handle should be designed so that the mekugi can be inserted from only the side of the tsuka which is covered by the palm. Therefore, the primary mekugi should be of bamboo, inserted from the right side of the handle; the hikae (reserve) mekugi should be manufactured of iron or steel and inserted from the left side.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The metal-to-metal fitting of hikae mekugi to nakago might be smooth, lacking sufficient friction to lock in. Create a firm fit by roughening the outside of the metal mekugi with a file, hacksaw, or wirecutters. The resultant "teeth" will bite firmly into the soft steel of the nakago and prevent the metal mekugi from slipping out during training. In the interest of safety, pracioners of Toyama Ryu and Nakamura Ryu utilize two retaining pins.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menuki placement. &lt;br /&gt;Menuki are the ornaments afiixed to the handle, between the rayskin and the wrapping. They were originally decorations used to cover the sword retaining pins (mekugi); however, in later times they became practical in that when placed where the palm meets the handle, the resultant gap was filled. This "palm swell" created a more comfortable grip, quite similar to today's custom pistol grips which are designed to "fill" the palm.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The tachi was sworn slung from a belt with the cutting edge down. Therefore the right hand menuki, when viewed from the obverse (omote) side, was placed closer to the retaining pin; the left hand menuki, on the reverse (ura) side, was placed closer to the pommel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the tachi-styled sword transitioned in the late 16th century to the uchigatana (worn edge-up, thrust though a sash), the convention remained of placing the omote menuki close to the retaining pin (Fig. 8). This practice resulted in the menuki being on the opposite side of the palm--practicality had been superceeded by strict adherence to format.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Few schools of swordsmanship retained the practical method of positioning the menuki. The one notable traditional style is Yagyu Ryu; the modern styles which adopted this method are Toyama Ryu and Nakamura Ryu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wrapping the menuki to the handle came about during the Muromachi period (1338-1573) when the fittings were generally in the handachi (half-tachi) style. The Imperial Army and Navy military swords of 1933-1945 were also outfitted in the handachi style, and the menuki were placed where the palms of the hand meet the handle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Essentially, the menuki become useless ornaments for the handle when positioned in the Edo style. However, if the menuki are affixed in the handachi style, one's swordsmanship will become satisfactory. Ninety per cent of the swords used by today's iaido enthusiasts have the Edo style menuki placement.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. This illustrates a good placement of the left and right menuki as the handle ius grasped from above.&lt;br /&gt;B. This illustrates a good placement of the right menuki when using only the right hand. The left menuki may be centered on the handle, as it will have no relation to the grasp. (Actually, there is no restriction stating that the left menuki must be placed lower.)&lt;br /&gt;C. Edo period fitting (uchigatana mounting). Most swords today are outfitted in this manner. This positioning of the menuki is the least desired.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Groove. &lt;br /&gt;A sword with a groove will make a whistling sound when swung. Many high-ranking practitioners dislike swords with grooves; however, there are some high-ranking practitioners that like the groove. In the samurai period movies and plays, a whistling sound is dubbed in to appeal to the audience. Also, the novice believes that making the whistling sound while cutting shows good technique. This thought also prevails during iaido exhibitions. With the exception of experts, it is generally believed that an emitted sound is wonderful.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If a sword has a groove there is the chance that it will alert your opponent during the dark of night. This is not proper for high class swordsmanship, so the story goes. I have heard that a long time ago the term "chi-nagare" (blood flow) was used because the blood would flow down the groove as water flows down a ditch.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The presence of a groove has absolutely no relationship to whether the sword will cut well or not; however, it does have something to do with the weight and balance of the sword. The entire blade will be just a bit weaker with a groove, but dynamically speaking, it will also have more flexibility. The overall form of a sword with a groove is gracefully elegant, and generally speaking, there are many people who like this style.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shinogi (ridge).&lt;br /&gt;The height and pitch of the shinogi is relative to the blade's ability to cut well. Many factors affect a sword's sharpness or dullness, and differ according to the swordsmith. The most important aspect overall is the blade width; what is more related to this, and has become the main question, is the height of the shinogi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are two styles of shinogi: raised, and flat. A sword with a raised shinogi will cut thick, hard material well; however, its penetration of soft material is poor. For example, when performing suemono giri (vertical cut) on horizontally stacked material such as rolls of rice straw, the sword's ability to cut well is reduced by half.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Compared with the previous example, a sword with a flat shinogi will cut soft material well; its penetration of horizontally stacked rolled straw will be good, and its sharpness will be satisfactory. However, if you make a mistake even while using the proper tenouchi (grip), the blade will bend. If I may offer an example, a sword named "Seki no Magoro Kanemoto" was well known as the best cutting sword in Japan. It was constructed with a flat shinogi, and the way it easily cut through material was its special feature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Both "Dodanuki" and a shin-shinto "Mito" sword had raised shinogi and were known to be sharper than Kanemoto; but, when performing suemono giri (daigiri-cutting on a platform), the Kanemoto cut through five stacked, layered rolls of rice straw while the others came to a halt in the third roll.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That was in the case of cutting on a platform: a sword with a raised shinogi will get stuck, which is a bad fault. The sharpness may be the same, but the proof is in the height difference of the shinogi. A blade with a raised shinogi is suitable for actual combat as well, but in the case of platform cutting, a definite difference becomes clear. In essence, a sword with a wide blade and flat shinogi will have perfect sharpness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When cutting bamboo, the cutting ability of a sword with a raised shinogi will not significantly change. Its flexibility will be strong, and is suitable for bamboo. On the other hand, a flat shinogi has no flexibility and is unsuitable for cutting bamboo. When one's hasuji or tenouchi are wrong, the blade will often bend. In short, test cutting is similar to cooking. Different kitchen knives are used according to what is being prepared. A knife with a thick "back" will be used for hard vegetables and meat; a knife with a thin "back" will be used for soft items such as greens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fittings. &lt;br /&gt;The fuchi (support band) and kashiya (pommel), like most components of a sword, are often an expression of the owner. One of the most prevalent styles today is the Higo style (Fig. 11), named after the province of its adaptation (present day Kumamoto). The Higo fittings differ from others in that the fuchi tapers slightly from the nakago ana (tang slot) to where it meets the handle; the topmost crest of the kashira gently slopes downwards toward the the butt of the handle, much like a well worn hill. The Higo kashira has found a popular audience with today's iaido exponents because of its elegant style and its comfortable practicality: it will not cause blisters in the left palm as do other styles possessing a more linear construction. Higo fittings are well represented in Toyama Ryu and Nakamura Ryu dojo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tsuba. &lt;br /&gt;The tsuba (hand guard) is essential in that it protects the practitioner's right hand; however, the tsuba need not be overly large. As a matter of fact, if a deflection is properly executed, a tsuba is not at all necessary. However, we humans have a psychological reliance on the mere presence of a tsuba. Because the tsuba is so easy to replace, many practitioners try to find original pieces or modern reproductions to match their own personality. In doing so, they often choose large tsuba, one with dimensions exceeding 3 inches. A large tsuba is undesirable because it interferes with proper sword handling techniques by applying pressure to the back of the right hand. If you have a rim impression on the back of your right hand after training, your tsuba is too large. The preferred tsuba in Toyama Ryu and Nakamura Ryu is a small tsuba; an excellent example is the "Nakamura Hanjiro" tsuba (Fig. 12). The predilection for the smaller tsuba may have its origin with the model 1933 shin gunto (new army sword which had a regulation tsuba of about 2 x 3 inches--the sword techniques of the Toyama Military Academy were specifically designed with this sword in mind. Nakamura Hanjiro Tsuba Nakamura Hanjiro was a well known practitioner of Jigen Ryu kenjutsu and one of Japan's first army generals. On becoming a general, he changed his name to Kirino Toshiaki, and he led Meiji government troops against the Satsuma rebels during the Seinan War (Satsuma Rebellion, 1877). In 1981 I was a guest on an NHK television (equivalent to ABC or BBC) production given in honor of Nakamura Hanjiro. Afterwards, an admirer of Hanjiro presented me with a replica of Hanjiro's tsuba. This tsuba, with its six gently undulating round lobes remains one of my favorites. It measures 2 x 3 inches and is devoid of artwork. There are openings on either side of the nakago ana (tang slot) for utility knives, and a set of udenuki ana. (Retention cord holes). Retention cords were used in battle much like the strap on a ski pole or a racquet ball racquet (Fig. 13). Udenuki ana on tsuba produced after 1600 are probably ornamental, used to "balance" the overall tsuba shape and/or design.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion. &lt;br /&gt;I have traveled the length and breadth of Japan not just to test the sharpness of swords, but to express my thoughts and experience in my special area of kireaji. I particularly wanted to write about the ideal sword for actual use; however, because this field is so broad, I have only presented an abridgment. I do hope that this brief introduction to the ideal sword will be openly received, not only by those interested in swordsmanship, but also by those who study other martial arts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About the Author : Nakamura Taizaburo was born in 1912 in Yamagata prefecture. He now resides in Tsurumi, Yokahama, where he presides over the International Iai-Battodo Federation and teaches battodo for the Kaku Sei Kai.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From : Zeth (kaskus.us)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-812182099505472185?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/812182099505472185/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/suitable-swords-for-iai-and-test.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/812182099505472185'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/812182099505472185'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/suitable-swords-for-iai-and-test.html' title='Suitable Swords for Iai and Test-Cutting'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-8559193656999975349</id><published>2008-12-22T03:58:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-22T04:11:23.487-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tameshigiri'/><title type='text'>Tameshigiri</title><content type='html'>Pada dasarnya, tameshigiri itu hanya cara untuk mengetest ketajaman pedang saja, yang pada jaman dulu mengetestnya menggunakan mayat atau narapidana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karena di jaman sekarang sudah tidak memungkinkan lagi memotong mayat atau narapidana, tameshigiri pun dirubah targetnya menjadi tatami dan bambu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/SU-Ba0AyYpI/AAAAAAAAAWA/vZgtiDNjWkM/s1600-h/swd-cut.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 252px; height: 419px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/SU-Ba0AyYpI/AAAAAAAAAWA/vZgtiDNjWkM/s400/swd-cut.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282583185567408786" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Keberhasilan dari tameshigiri (secara tradisionil) , sebetulnya hanya dari ketajaman pedang itu sendiri.Tehnik memotong pada prinsipnya hanya ada 6 tehnik yaitu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Gerakan dari pundak kanan kearah pinggang kiri&lt;br /&gt;2. Gerakan dari pundak kiri kearah pinggang kanan&lt;br /&gt;3. Gerakan datar dari arah kanan ke kiri&lt;br /&gt;4. Gerakan datar dari arah kiri kekanan&lt;br /&gt;5. Gerakan dari pinggang kanan kearah pundak kiri&lt;br /&gt;6. Gerakan dari pinggang kiri kearah pundak kanan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tetapi yang sering saya demonstrasikan adalah gerakan bebas yang berbasis dari kata/waza.Disinilah kelihatan apakah kata/waza itu benar-benar berfungsi sewaktu menebas tatami.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pemakaian pedang asli jepang maupun gobang panjang made in china maupun lokal, sebetulnya tidak ada bedanya selama semuanya setajam silet, hasil potongan akan tetap sama.&lt;br /&gt;Hanya saja, kalau anda berlatih ilmu yg berumur 600 tahunan.saya kira anda juga menekankan pada segi keaslian.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para samurai dulu tidak semuanya kaya memiliki banyak uang ada juga samurai yang miskin tetapi walaupun miskin pedang-pedang mereka tetap hebat bikinanya.Bagi para samurai dulu tidak ada budaya cari murah dalam membeli pedang.Tetapi sekarang kita memilih life style, mendalami ilmu-ilmu para samurai dengan hakama dan gi yg indah-indah asli jepang, tetapi dengan pedang bikinan cina Itu namanya politik dagang.&lt;br /&gt;(maaf jika tidak berkenan di hati)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sumber from : Zeth (kaskus.us&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-8559193656999975349?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/8559193656999975349/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/tameshigiri.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/8559193656999975349'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/8559193656999975349'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/tameshigiri.html' title='Tameshigiri'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/SU-Ba0AyYpI/AAAAAAAAAWA/vZgtiDNjWkM/s72-c/swd-cut.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8052845384878158695.post-1181098402836754537</id><published>2008-12-21T02:41:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-21T02:44:35.165-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nihonto'/><title type='text'>The Japanese Sword: Historical Changes in Shape</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/SU4djPh7thI/AAAAAAAAAV4/l7LQ3j_zpVw/s1600-h/shape.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 542px; height: 371px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/SU4djPh7thI/AAAAAAAAAV4/l7LQ3j_zpVw/s400/shape.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282191904253654546" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Jõkotõ (Chokutõ) Ancient and Heian period&lt;br /&gt;2. Late Heian to Early Kamakura&lt;br /&gt;3. Mid-Kamakura&lt;br /&gt;4. Late Kamakura&lt;br /&gt;5. Nanbokucho&lt;br /&gt;6. Early Muromachi&lt;br /&gt;7. Late Muromachi&lt;br /&gt;8. Aizuchi-Momoyama&lt;br /&gt;9. Mid-Edo&lt;br /&gt;10. Edo period Genroku era&lt;br /&gt;11. Edo, Bakamatsu&lt;br /&gt;12. Meiji and onwards&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. &lt;b&gt;Jõkotõ &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jõkotõ are straight blades with no curvature. They are usually constructed in the hira-zukuri and kiriha-zukuri styles. It is] thought that the shift from straight blades to Japanese swords with curvature happened around the mid to late Heian period (794-1184). This was during the mid 10th century: about the time Taira Masakado and Fujiwara Sumitomo rebelled against the government in the Johei (931-938) and Tengyo (938-947) eras. Blades before these are continental style blades called jõkutõ, and were brought to Japan from the Asian continent.&lt;br /&gt;Examples of these blades have been excavated from Kofun period tombs, and some still reside in the Shosoin Imperial Repository, Nara.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;b&gt;Late Heian to Early Kamakura&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From the late Heian period and the early Kamakura period (1185-1333) we can see the Japanese sword as we know it: shinogi-zukuri (ridgeline) construction, with a wide base, narrowing acutely towards the small point section (ko-kissaki). They are quite slender blades with the curvature concentrated between the handle and base. This shape is called koshi-zori. From midway towards the point there is very little curvature. These blades are usually around 2.5-6 shaku in length (75.8 cm-78.8 cm)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;b&gt;Mid-Kamakura &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At the zenith of the warrior class’s power during the Kamakura period, the blade’s kasane becomes thick, the mihaba becomes wide and they take on magnificent tachi shape. There is not much difference between the size of the moto-haba and the saki-haba. The blade still has koshi-zori, but the center of the curvature has moved further along the blade. The kissaki has become a compact chu-kissaki (ikubi). The hamon has developed into a flowing gorgeous choji-midare. Also around this time, tanto production appears.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. &lt;b&gt;Late Kamakura&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tachi at the end of the Kamakura period have developed into magnificent blades. There are two types: one is wide throughout its length and the point section is the same as mid- Kamakura period kissaki, but slightly extended. The other is quite slender and similar in appearance to the late Heian, early Kamakura shapes. However, when you look further along the blade the shape has changed; the curvature has moved further along the blade. During this period notare-gunome hamon appeared. It is said that in Sagami province Goro Nyudo Masamune perfected the production of nie-deki blades.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. &lt;b&gt;Nanbokucho &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During the Nanbokucho period many long blades of three shaku (90.9cm) and other long tachi were made. Tanto of large proportions were also produced. Tachi were majestic, wide, and proportionally long. Among these were some over 90 cm in length and worn over the back. These types of blade are called no-dachi and o-dachi. They were rather thin in construction to decrease the weight. Additionally, many have a bo-hi (groove) cut into the shinogi-ji area in order to lighten the blade. Many tachi from this period are o-suriage (shortened in later periods as they were difficult to wield). Consequently, many extant blades from the Nanbokucho period are unsigned.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. &lt;b&gt;Early Muromachi &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blades of the early part of the Muromachi period are reminiscent in construction to the blades of the early Kamakura period. When compared to the shape of the Nanbokucho period, the shape has completely changed and no longer includes o-kissaki. At around 2.4-5 shaku (72.7 cm-75.7 cm) in length, they are quite narrow and deeply curved with a medium-sized point section. At first glance they may appear somewhat similar to Kamakura period blades, but on closer inspection they are saki-zori character.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. &lt;b&gt;Late Muromachi &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By the late Muromachi period, samurai fighting methods had changed from cavalry to mass infantry style warfare. Uchigatana, worn with the cutting edge uppermost thrust through the sash, had become popular. After the Onin war, conflicts broke out in many places and kazu-uchi mono began to appear (mass-produced blades&lt;br /&gt;inferior in quality to regular Japanese blades). However, specially ordered blades of excellent quality (chumon-uchi) were also produced at this time. Bizen (Okayama prefecture) and Mino (Gifu prefecture) were the major places of production. Many blades produced in this period are around 2.1 shaku (63.6 cm) in length. They are slightly wider than the standard width, with either a chu-kissaki or an extended chu-kissaki with a narrow saki-haba and strong saki-zori. The nakago are short, intended for one-handed use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. &lt;b&gt;Aizuchi-Momoyama&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Swords produced up to the Keicho era (1596-1614) are classified as kotõ (old blades) Blades made during and after this era are classified as shintõ (new-swords). When Japan entered the Aizuchi-Momoyama period, many smiths moved to Edo or Kyoto, or gathered in castle towns of various influential daimyo. Additionally, developments in transportation brought about experimentation with materials, and foreign-made steel (known as nanbantetsu) was utilized. The blade’s shape from around this period mirrors that of shortened Nanbokucho blades. They are generally wide with little or no difference between the moto and saki-haba. Many have an extended chu-kissaki, whilst some have o-kissaki, with a thick kasane and are usually around 2.4-5 shaku (72.7 cm-75.8 cm) in length.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. &lt;b&gt;Mid-Edo &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Swords of the mid-Edo period are of standard width. The saki-haba is relatively narrow when compared to the moto-haba. The curvature is noticeably shallow with a small to medium-sized point section. They are usually around 2.3 shaku (69.7 cm) in length. This particular type of construction was generally produced around the middle of the Kanbun (1661-1673) and Enpo (1673-1681) eras, and is usually referred to as Kanbun shintõ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. &lt;b&gt;Edo Period &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Genroku era The change in shape of Japanese swords between the Jokyo (1684-1688) and Genroku (1688-1704) eras reflects the transition of shape from Kanbun-shintõ blades to the beginning of the shin-shintõ period of sword manufacture. As it was a very peaceful period in Japanese history, rather flamboyant hamon appear, and as opposed to that of Kanbun-shintõ blades, the curvature is quite deep.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11. &lt;b&gt;Edo period &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bakamatsu era Blades made after the Bunka (1804-1818) and Bunsei (1818-1830) eras are referred to as fukko-shintõ (revival swords). Pioneers of the revival movement include Suishinshi Masahide and Nankai Taro Tomotaka. Taikei Naotane was among Masahide’s students. Minamoto Kiyomaro led a revival aimed at soshu-den and Mino-Shizu workmanship. Bakumatsu blades are shallow in curvature, have a wide haba with not much difference in width between the saki and moto-haba, and are around 2.5-6 shaku (75.7cm-78.7 cm) in length, with an o-kissaki and thick kasane.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12. &lt;b&gt;Meiji Onwards&lt;/b&gt; (no image)&lt;br /&gt;Blades made from the 9th year of Meiji until present day are referred to as gendaitõ (modern swords). As of the Hatorei decree in 1876 (banning civilians from wearing swords), the need for swords declined. However, in Meiji 39 (1906) the craft gained imperial patronage. The swordsmiths Gassan Sadakazu and Miyamoto Kanenori were appointed Tei Shitsu Gi Gei In (craftsmen by imperial appointment—equivalent to National Living Treasure). Since then, the swordsmith’s craft has continued through the Meiji (1868-1912), Taisho (1912-1926), Showa (1926-1989) and Heisei (1989-) eras until today. Today’s swordsmiths try to recreate the workmanship of eminent smiths of every period, regardless of whether they are kotõ, shintõ or shin-shintõ. In particular, recreations of tachi of the Kamakura period are a popular aim for many modern swordsmiths.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Form : Zeth (Kaskus.us)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8052845384878158695-1181098402836754537?l=kobuse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/feeds/1181098402836754537/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/japanese-sword-historical-changes-in.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1181098402836754537'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8052845384878158695/posts/default/1181098402836754537'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://kobuse.blogspot.com/2008/12/japanese-sword-historical-changes-in.html' title='The Japanese Sword: Historical Changes in Shape'/><author><name>Admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11048121140952604762</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/TUKFPtvX-bI/AAAAAAAAAc4/5YoiYrlujL8/s220/t128.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_mVAG-7IypEY/SU4djPh7thI/AAAAAAAAAV4/l7LQ3j_zpVw/s72-c/shape.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
